How Does John Keatss Poetry Reflect the Romantic Era - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 787 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Literature Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Romanticism Essay Did you like this example? Explain how the poetry of John Keats reflects the values of Romanticism. The Romantic Era spanned roughly between 1798 and 1832 and its poetry places an emphasis on the imagination, nature and feeling. The Romantic period was associated with imagination as people looked with fresh curiosity into the workings of their own minds, generating ideas that laid a foundation for modern psychology. Romanticism emerged out of the rational thought of the Enlightenment Era into a redemptive and inspiring period. John Keats was born at the beginning of Romanticism making him a significant figure in the expression of these values. His poetry was a great example to the Romantic era and his poems; â€Å"When I have fears that I may cease to be† and â€Å"Bright star† reflected all of the major concepts of the Romantic period. John Keats has reflected the values of Romanticism thoroughly in the poem â€Å"When I have fears that I may cease to be â€Å". In this poem, Keats reaction against the rational thought is expressed into fulfilment in nature and imagination. John Keats searches for answers to questions in nature about existence, eternal love and death. This is portrayed through the use of personificationpersonification, â€Å"When I behold, upon the night’s starr’d face, Huge cloudy symbols of a high romance†, where Keats turns to nature giving the night sky a human quality. Keats suggests that the truth about existence can be observed in nature and he wants to live in order to find truth and search and witness these answers for himself. He also symbolises romance in the clouds and the face of the starry night which again reflects the values of Romanticism and the view that the purest translation of life lies within the natural world itself. â€Å"High romance† represents the ancient symbol for ultimate questions in life and Keats search for significance and meaning in nature in order to form these answers hims elf. Romantic thinkers believed that to imagine and create is to be human and the focus was on them selves within the world. Keats examines himself as an individual like the Romantic thinkers considered themselves to be, rather than apart of the larger community. Keats’s â€Å"When I have fears that I may cease to be† represents the major key concepts of Romanticism values through his use of the significant metaphor that is linked with the natural world. â€Å"Before my pen has glean’d my teeming brain† symbolises the pen as a tool for harvesting and â€Å"Hold like rich garners the full ripen’d grain†, is the product that is finalised from all the hard work on the field. Keats reflects his hard work of poetry to the importance of nature and compares it to harvesting to visualise the method of producing these products. With the importance of nature that has been comprehensively characterised in the poem, Keats poetry has shown to be ef fectively reflective to the values of Romanticism. John Keats contributed Romanticism in the â€Å"Bright Star† by emphasizing the redemptive qualities of a star which purified his inner body and he connected this to expressing his beauty and inspiration of the love he felt towards his fiance. His imagination in this poem is a great example of the poetry during the Romantic Age. Keats is dissatisfied with mortality and longs for eternal life, â€Å"Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou art†. Here Keats is revealing his inner thoughts and feelings to the bright star and is comparing his short life to the star’s perminence in life. He also gives the star human qualities through the use of personification, â€Å"And watching with eternal lids apart, Like nature’s patient, sleepless eremite†. Keats conveys that the duty of the star is priest-like, watching everyone as an individual as our guardian angel. He also longs for the qualities of t he star but without its remoteness. â€Å"And so live ever- or else swoon to death†, is an example of Keats longing for eternal love and perminence in life, if he can’t achieve this then he will prefer to die instantly. John Keats has demonstrated effectively with the use of redemptive qualities classifying nature that his poetry reflects the values of Romanticism. The use of various examples have visualised these qualities in a more verifying and pure manner to show inspiration of Keats towards his poetry. He has symbolised Romanticism especially in personifying nature with human qualities to enable his audience to connect with his inner thoughts and feelings. His ideas of nature have generated through his poetry smoothly and most of them represented eternity, love, perminence and death. Keats is an independent poet that has contributed the Romantic period significantly and has obeyed all of the Romantic thoughts and meanings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Does John Keatss Poetry Reflect the Romantic Era" essay for you Create order

How People Shop in China Example

Essays on How People Shop in China Case Study ï » ¿Title: How malls affect traditional values in China Even though we still have some shops along the streets, the development of malls has changed the tradition of how people shop in China (A). Over the last three decades we have experience changes along our busy streets as well as local shops in the city. I remember during my young age shopping was done in shops which were not linked under one roof in any way; including bankers, butchers and grocers. This is not the same case in the current world. The malls have been developed where one can access almost all the products and services he/she wishes to purchase. Someone will can this change ‘modernity.’ Yes, I agree. The chronology of change in shopping tradition can be traced, where supermarkets have appeared and have led to closing down of retail shops in the city, malls have developed and accommodate the supermarkets under one roof. The shopper, who is me and you, can get clothing, hardware products, meals, bank services and other leisure activities under one roof (D). Th is is not only amazing, but also shows a new culture of shopping in the contemporary world. My question is, ‘do malls affects traditional values in China?’ Let’s find out together. Clearly, traditional shopping value has been changed; nevertheless, we are in a contemporary society where people can adopt changes from other shoppers around the world (C). I believe the emergence of malls is good news to the consumers and bad news to the retailers in the city streets. Although there is radical development of malls in urban and metropolitan areas in China, retailers in the rural regions are trying to maintain the traditional shopping values of the consumer (A). Generation Y is the most regular cohort that visits malls in China, and they are the most with a higher buying power for those visiting the malls (B). Generation Y is a group of teenage consumers who spend a lot of time buying putting in mind what they want to buy. The research shows that the teenage consumers are the highest ranked shoppers who spend up to 100 dollars per week. Apparently, malls have brought in ethnic atmosphere which is perceived to be an economic gain to the consumers since they can access what they need to buy within one roof. Although the consumer may spent a little more money per visit when he/she visits a mall, the relative value at the end of the month will still remain low because of mall convenience (A). I assume that the consumer’s decision on where to shop depends on if he/she is going to get what he/she needs under one roof. This shows that instead of consumer moving from one retailer to another, he/she prefers to move to a mall where he/she can variety of products and services to choose for purchase. Indeed, I consider this as a positive experience to a consumer due to it mall convenience. The consumer saves time and money at the same time. And as the blog says, ‘the ultimate purpose of a successful economy is to produce consumer goods in large quantities which are easily dumped.’ Malls appear to be a dumping place for consumer goods because of its strong arousing effects. Everything consumable is found in the mall, and no consumer could find everything in the traditional market: the retailers on the streets (B). Have you ever realized that new brands are coming in every year? The producers are conscious about the demands needs of the consumer, and where to place their product: of course in the malls (C). As tempting as the attractive products and service in the mall, consumers are subjected to perceived obsolesces. When consumers visits the mall perhaps for leisure or shopping, they encounter new environment almost changes every day. If you had bought a product some years ago, you may feel that you have not contributed to the emerged brands in the market. As mentioned, malls are the habitat of new luxury brand products in China and therefore provoke the consumer to perceive the old product he/she has as obsolete. This is evident that malls are agent of transforming traditional values where consumers in China could buy products for utilitarianism consumption. Apparently, we can’t deny that malls have a powerful influence which can change the mode of consumption from utilitarianism to hedonic. Each of us is exposed to the promotions offered at the malls everyday through print, social or digital media. Traditional shoppers spent most of their time without exposed to these advertisements from the malls. Have you ever asked yourself what is the point of malls informing us on the promotions? Why do retailers not advertise their products as well? The point is that promotions will convince the customers that with the little they have, apart from what they allocate for shopping, they can get what is being offered in the mall (D). For example, end month promotions often target consumers’ salary. This has made the customers follow the promotions offered in the malls since they want to be part of that cohort that benefit from the products from the mall. Evidently, malls are perceived as part of urban modernization where consumers adopt the new culture of shopping. They have various facilities which include internal parks for cars where shoppers leave their cars secure and go for shopping in the mall. I believe with this perspective, shopping malls are gradually replacing traditional values because of the social advantage they are giving to the shoppers. Imagine ten customers with cars going to shop from a single retailer in the city; all of them with cars. Retailers within are given only a small space for parking their cars which may not be enough for ten customers. Customers may need to buy parking tickets in order to access the retailer thus incurring more expense. Malls have spacious parking places which can accommodate more than 20 consumers with cars at ago. Customers, particularly those with cars, will go with their families to shopping malls since they will find a place to park their cars (D). When it comes to modern shopping environment, traditional markets are no way comparable to shopping malls. A consumer can spend long time without getting bored in the mall. If he/she wants a particular product or service, the mall is there to provide many choices and alternatives; including prices and quality. If a customer gets tired while shopping, he/she has many places within the mall to rest like coffee shop or game club. Basing on this scenario, malls provide a lot of convenience not only to everyone provided a consumer has enough money to experience various departments of the mall. Basically, one can get motivated by the mall environment to increase his/her consumption power regardless of the prices offered at the mall. The congestion of small shops in the malls selling the same brands of products has increased the attraction of shoppers and visits to the malls as well. This is because these every brand in the mall is an excitement to the customer and it brings a desire of buying. The main goal of mall developers is to ensure that consumers are aroused to the highest level possible so that they can take up the coins from their pockets and buy products. Despite of the presence of traditional retailers in the cities, malls will continue rejuvenating their impacts on traditional value through mainstreaming brands in mall stores. Retailers outside the mall will continue trying to integrate consumers through collective behavior such as lowering prices and increasing appeal of their products but consumers will remain transformed by the modernity of the malls. Even with the ethnic products, small will continue being a leading source of consumer product because of its image in the society. So you see, the malls ambience has provided a massive satisfactory effect that has affected the traditional values of China people. Consumers have their specific shopping places, they are modernized by the malls, they enjoy a lot of promotions which they consider as providing a comparative gain to their shopping life and above they find malls as major ‘theatre’ of shopping experience. Some say this is not the case but I say that those who are saying malls do not have effect on traditional values have not experienced the shopping environment to the fullest. Remember, economy has to grow, and for it to grow consumers must use money to consume products produced in the economy and distributed to various malls. As the blog says, ‘a complete circle of products starts with production, distribution to consumption. Malls are there as agent of distributors and the more the exchange in the malls, the more the economy is growing. Source The Story of Stuff Project,. 'The Story Of Stuff'. N.p., 2007. Web. 4 May 2015.

Comparison of Animism and Hinduism free essay sample

Tylor was born in 1832 and passed away in the year 1917. He was the founder of modern academic discipline of anthropology. Tylor belonged to a generation of academics and was raised in a religious family. He was a well-educated individual who began his own career in fieldwork in Mexico and ended up receiving and honorary doctorate from Oxford University where he was the keeper of the Museum. He eventually became the first Professor of Anthropology in Britain and later retired in 1909. Tylor had made different opinions on religion. He defined culture as a complex whole that consists of many attributes. Tylor also came up with an evolutionary view. This view was concerning culture and development and the fact that animism was the earliest stage to what we know today as religious behavior. He also argued that despite differences in the stages of their evolutionary development all humans shared common cognitive skills. Tylor’s main goal was to develop a cross-culturally useful framework in which the evolution of culture could be explained and the nature of is origin could be understood. This essay will go on to particularly talk about some of the concepts of animism that Tylor believes and discusses and will also provide you with comparisons that I have made with the ancient religion, Hinduism. Animism is the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe. It is derived from the Latin word anima meaning breath or soul. Edward Burnett Tylor believed Animism as a belief in spiritual beings and a definition of religion. Tylor states that in order to understand religion you have to first come up with a definition of religion. He says that most people provide a narrow definition such as a belief in a supreme deity or judgment after death, the adoration of idols, or the practice of sacrifice, or other partially diffused doctrines or rites. He suggests that the definition should be given as the belief in ‘Spiritual Beings’. Like Tylor states I agree that animism has a special relation to the doctrine of the soul. Tylor goes on by saying that Animism divides into two great dogmas, one concerning souls of individual creatures, capable of continued existence after the death or the destruction of the body and the other concerning other spirits, upward to the rank of powerful deities. These two concepts are very similar to the beliefs of Hinduism. In Hinduism, they believe to continue life after death. To understand this concept you have to first grasp the idea of the soul. In Hinduism people believe in the existence of the soul. They believe the soul to be external, invisible and unchanging. Atman in Hinduism means soul in English. The believed the concept of soul (atman) to be very important in human life. Just like Animism the atman or soul is a crucial part of the human body and controls the power within. Animism is closely related to the concepts of Hinduism. In Hinduism most individuals believe that there is life after death, and that the soul(atman) doesn’t rest in peace if the spirit is displeased. As for Animism it has a similar concept. The second dogma about Animism which is the upward to the rank of powerful deities is also a similar theory comparing to Hinduism. Both theories believe in deities, which are is a supernatural, immortal being. According to Tylor he also believed that their sprits and souls not only existed in people but also existed in animals, plants and inanimate objects. He pictured these souls as vapors or shadows going from one body to another. This concept is also similar to Hinduism. In Hinduism people believe that God is in everything, likewise in Animism like Tylor said spirits and souls exist everywhere. â€Å" Spiritual beings are held to affect or control the events of the material world, and man’s life here and hereafter; and it being considered that they hold intercourse with men, and receive pleasure or displeasure from human actions, the belief in their existence leads naturally, and it might be almost be said inevitably, sooner or later to active reverence and propitiation. (Tylor, page7) Thus Tylor states that Animism includes the belief in souls and in future state controlling deities and spirits. Tylor proves the existence of Animism by explaining the causes of sleep, dreams and death. There naturally aroused need to distinguish between and individual who was awake and one who was asleep, or an individual who lived and one who did not. There was a need to give a reason to the pictures they saw in their dreams and so the spirits were the expla nation. Like Tylor regarded animism as the most primate stage in the evolution of religion. It is the contemplation of dreams and trances and the observation of death led primate peoples to conceive of the soul and of human spirits. I agree with his theory because it proves that the belief in animism led to the definition of more generalized deities and eventually to the worship of one single god. Again comparing this to the religion of Hinduism, Hindu’s didn’t believe in one single god, however they believed in several different forms of god as one. Tylor states that to understand the popular conceptions of the human soul or spirit it is instructive to notice the words, which have been suitable to express it. â€Å" The ghost or phantasm seen by the dreamer or the visionary is an unsubstantial form, like a shadow, and this the familiar term of the shade comes in to express the soul. Thus the Tasmanian word for the shadow is also that for the spirit; the Algonquin Indians describe a man’s soul as otahchuk, his shadow† (Tylor, page11) The Zulus not only used this word for spirit soul and echo but they considered that at the death the shawdow of a man wil in some way depart from the corpse, to became an ancestral spirit. In my point of view, his idea towards ghosts and spirits are pretty truthful. He gives an example In conclusion, Animism and Hinduism have many similar concepts and ideas. The main idea of animism in believing spiritual beings have a very close connection to the ancient theories of Hinduism.

Strategies for Implementing Internet of Things Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Information Strategies for Implementing the Internet of Things in University Hospital Sharjah. Answer: Introduction Internet of things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of the Internet with various kinds of computational devices that is embedded within everyday objects. The Internet interconnection helps the object to send as well as receive data. The current assignment implements the strategies of Internet of things to be implemented on University hospital Sharjah. The business objectives have been described along with the business strategies regarding product, services, markets as well as customer needs. An organizational strategy that includes issues of the internal organization has also been included. Information strategies focusing on Internet of things Technologies as well as the IT capabilities has been considered for implementation and development of the IS strategies. Objectives The business objectives of University Hotel Sharjah are as follows: To promote the university hospital Sharjah as one of the leading healthcare institutions in United Arab Emirates (UAE) and in the future of the entire region. To improve the health and wellbeing through delivery of exceptional healing experience clinical best practice with unrelenting attention, patient Safety as well as an parallel passion and commitment for exceeding patients expectations. To offer carrying convenient impressionable and collaborative care environment to UAE, develop, share and apply new technology and knowledge for embracing the change in champion innovation. To provide compassionate patient centered care with an emphasis on specialty care tertiary level for primary residence of United Arab Emirates and the wider MENA region (ae, 2017). Business Strategies To make a university hospital Sharjah as one of the leading Healthcare institution, multimedia patient education system has been implemented that provides various education on different kinds of health issues relating to dental, gastrointestinal, cardiac, general, urinary, ENT, neurology, ophthalmology, cosmetic, dermatology and bariatric. University hospital Sharjah also offers high standard accommodation with over 200 beds for patient and wide range of choices that suits the needs for the individual patients that ranges from standard groups to suite for the VIP. The room has been designed to attain maximum patient privacy and comfort that helps to improve the wellbeing and health through delivery of exceptional healing experience and clinical best practice. Double occupancy room, VIP suites, private standard room, adds design depending on the medical leaves as well as the availability that help them to carry convenient impressionable and collaborative care environment. Kids club pr ogram has been developed for educating the children through games, presentation, demonstration, question and answer at the University hospital Sharjah. Healthcare also provides special treatment through innovative technologies using equipments and management information system for the hospital (Uhs.ae, 2017). Organizational Strategies University Hospital Sharjah has been facing increase cost on monitoring for the patients. Outcome of the treatments using advanced equipments are also not up to the mark due to lack of synchronization between the equipments. As per Ahmadi (2014), the disease management due to continuous monitoring of the patients is also not done properly due to lack of access to the real time data. The errors in collecting the data and automated workflows are also increased that reduces the patient experience within the Healthcare system. These issues have been faced by university hospital Sharjah that let them to take decisions regarding adoption of Internet of things within the hospital (Uhs.ae, 2017). Information Strategies According to Chiuchisan (2014), the information system strategies for the Internet of things (IoT) technologies and at the same time information technology capability are considered for the development and implementation of the strategies within university hospital Sharjah. These strategies includes adoption of cloud system hospital management information system (MIS) software that will help them to decrease cost as a cloud integration of various Hospital equipments will be done. It will help them to gain advantage regarding the connectivity of the Kuperman (2013) stated that Healthcare Solutions and the patient monitoring can be done on real time basis that will reduce unnecessary visit by the doctor to the patient and the doctors can provide their time to the patients that really needs help. Outcome of the treatment will be much more than hands as equipment such as heart rate monitoring, ECG and other essential Health Care equipments will be connected to a virtual infrastructure and cloud computing and the data can be accessed by the doctors from other hospitals as well as abroad when required (Lee, 2015). The disease management system will enhanced as diseases will be treated before it gets worse. The error in data collection and analysis will be reduced as the workflow combined with the data driven in decisions will help them to cut down waste as well as system cost minimizing the errors. The data will be collected to the clouds using the MIS software (Roman, 2013). However security concern regarding the cloud based MIS software needs to be considered regarding the potential challenges to the sensitive healthcare data. The volume of data that is increasing significantly needs to be protected from cyber attacks and the architecture of the Internet of things should be inside the military zone. Cloud computing might be requiring a hybrid cloud environment of hypervisor for running (Sicari, 2015). Real time monitoring needs to be done that includes network traffic, user access system in information and activities of change management might be faced by the Internet of things. MIS software during this process will be beneficial regarding the health necessity of the patient that might arise which might be detrimental to the patients (Tsai, 2014). Therefore adequate and necessary steps should be consider regarding the security of the Internet of things that has been implemented as well as protection of the data from cyber threats and cyber attacks. Conclusion It can be concluded that Internet of things as well as management information system software are very much beneficial for University hospital Sharjah that will help them to decrease the cost, improve disease management, improve outcomes of treatment, enhance patient experience as well as enhance management of drugs. However it major issues regarding the strategies implemented for Internet of things will be security concern as well as threats from cyber attacks that needs to be mitigated by providing a network firewall or monitoring of the data. The protection of the cloud needs to be done through adequate cloud information system security software and deployment of protection tools for protecting healthcare data of the patients. References Ahmadi, H., Rad, M. S., Nazari, M., Nilashi, M., Ibrahim, O. (2014). Evaluating the factors affecting the implementation of hospital information system (HIS) using AHP method.Life Science Journal,11(3), 202-207. Chiuchisan, I., Costin, H. N., Geman, O. (2014). Adopting the internet of things technologies in health care systems. Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE), 2014 International Conference and Exposition on, 8(9), 532-535. Kuperman, G. J., Gardner, R. M., Pryor, T. A. (2013).HELP: a dynamic hospital information system. Springer Science Business Media. Lee, I., Lee, K. (2015). The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises.Business Horizons,58(4), 431-440. Roman, R., Zhou, J., Lopez, J. (2013). On the features and challenges of security and privacy in distributed internet of things.Computer Networks,57(10), 2266-2279. Sicari, S., Rizzardi, A., Grieco, L. A., Coen-Porisini, A. (2015). Security, privacy and trust in Internet of Things: The road ahead.Computer Networks,76, 146-164. Tsai, C. W., Lai, C. F., Chiang, M. C., Yang, L. T. (2014). Data mining for Internet of Things: A survey.IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials,16(1), 77-97. Uhs.ae (2017). University hospital Sharjah, Retrieved 5 May, 2017 from: https://www.uhs.ae/.

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Analysis of essays

Analysis of essays Maya Angelou has been one of the most ground-braking poets in American history. Being a poet, educator, historian, best-selling author, actress, playwright, civil-rights activist, producer and director, Dr. Angelou continues to travel the world making appearances, spreading her legendary wisdom. She captures her audiences lyrically with vigor, fire and perception, and is recognized as one of the great voices of contemporary literature as well as an extraordinary Renaissance woman. Ms. Angelou travels the world spreading her legendary wisdom, captivating her audiences lyrically with strength, fire, and understanding. Through her books of poetry and her autobiographies, she has the unique ability to shatter the concealed prisms of race and class. Highly regarded by presidents and cherished by scholars, Maya Angelou's life is a collection of great achievements as well as personal tragedy. Maya Angelou was born on April 4, 1928 in Saint Louis, Missouri. She was born with the name Marguerite Johnson. The daughter of Bailey and Vivian Baxter Johnson, Ms. Angelou acquired the name Maya from her beloved brother Bailey Jr., who preferred "Maya" to "my sister". When Maya was about three years old their parents divorced and the children were sent to live with their grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. Maya claims that her grandmother, whom she called "Momma, had a deep-brooding love that hung over everything she touched." Growing up in Stamps, Maya learned what it was like to be a black girl in a world where boundaries were set for her by whites. As a child she always dreamed of waking to find her nappy black hair changed to long blonde hair because she felt life was better for white girls than for blacks. Despite the odds, her grandmother instilled pride in young Marguerite, with religion as an important element in their home. After five years of being apart from their mother, Marguerite and her brother, Bailey, were sent back to ...

Nahil computers company internship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Nahil computers company internship - Essay Example Currently, the company focuses on the sale and support of its diverse range of products in the Saudi Arabia kingdom. It has established a network of branches throughout the Saudi Arabia kingdom. An outstanding factor about the Nahil Computer Company is the fact that the company has been a leader in the market indulging in the distribution, reselling, as well as system integration of both computers and other computer related products. The Nahil Computer Company’s focus is to promote customer satisfaction of a remarkably high level. The company ensures the quality of products and service reliability, as well as the establishment of reputable brands. Recently, the company has indulged in downsizing its operations by adjusting its structure. The structural adjustments and the downsizing of the structure have served to propel the company to higher success. When the company started, it had less than ten employees and a single office located in Riyadh. However, the company has exhibited growth over the years and has numerous branches across Saudi Arabia. The company’s vision is to become the most preferred and trusted supplier that provides personalized, modular and turnkey IT solutions. In addition, the company seeks to ensure that it provides the best available services to all the customers (SÃ £vulescu 76). The company’s mission is to ensure that it achieves a 100% customer satisfaction through the launching of high-quality products and providing customers with remarkable support. Therefore, the company has technicians with outstanding skills who ensure that clients make the right decisions and provide them with cost-effective solutions. Since the company focuses on creating a positive customer relationships, it seeks to improve its quality in order to provide customers with their products. One of the outstanding core values of the company is the organization that seeks to ensure that customer choices and opinions have the priority (Mohammed 1). The

Tsunami Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tsunami - Essay Example (Boork, 2005). a. Studies into the causes of tsunamis have revealed that there are actually many different factors that can lead to tsunami generation – including the already mentioned earthquake – but not every earthquake causes a tsunami and not every tsunami is caused by earthquake. b. Earthquakes can cause tsunamis. It is generally believed that earthquakes that move in a vertical direction are more likely to cause tsunami, but Dr. Tony Song from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory has shown how â€Å"horizontal motions of continental slopes confer five times the energy of a vertical displacement.† (Mayer, 2006), indicating that movement of the continental margins should be the focus of tsunami detection. c. Landslides are another possible cause of tsunamis, whether they occur above or below the water level. Landslides that occur above water and slide into the water can cause tsunamis while underwater landslides can cause a high degree of water displacement. These landslides can be caused by excessive flooding or, more commonly as global warming continues, due to the melting of layers of permafrost. Sometimes underwater landslides work in combination with earthquakes to cause tsunami. â€Å"For example, submarine slope failures can be triggered by much smaller earthquakes which could not cause a tsunami by themselves.† (Lauterjung cited in Mayer, 2006). d. A third way in which tsunamis can be generated is with the eruption of volcanoes, again with equal devastating effect regardless of whether the volcano exists above or below the water level. â€Å"Tsunamis started by this process are uncommon, but present a real threat to residents of the lower Cook Inlet region, the Alaska Peninsula, and the Aleutian Islands.† (Haeussler, 2006). f. Characteristics of tsunamis caused by earthquakes and volcanoes are that they travel long distances from the earthquakes epicenter and strike coastlines thousands of miles from their

The Role of Faith in Night by Elie Wiezel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Role of Faith in Night by Elie Wiezel - Essay Example How his faith shifted from one phase to another requires a deep understanding on reader’s path regarding Eliezer’s role in Night. This paper intends to discuss the role of faith in the holocaust story. The story begins with an introduction of a boy who was enthusiastic and devoted to study Talmund and learn Cabbala. He had committed his life to learn the teachings of Cabbala. He would cry in his local temple where he prayed over the obliteration of the Temple in Israel. He had raw but strong faith in God at this point. He would insist his father to arrange a mentor for him to teach him Cabbala and Talmund. When he saw that his father was ever disinterested, he decided to convince a temple assistant, Moshe the Beadle, to help him understand the complicated texts of the Cabbala. His passion toward his learning shows how strong a faith he had in his religion and how much he wanted to learn about God. He wanted to extend his knowledge about his religion. However, since he h ad blind faith without logic, there were huge chances that his faith would change as he grew up. We can get the hint because when Moshe asked him why he prayed, he replied why he breathed, which shows the extent of blind faith he possessed. Soon Elie made some heart-wrenching observations which shook his faith in God. He witnessed a burning death ditch in which thousands of babies were laid and used as target practice by the Nazis. It was such a brutal thing to see that Elie was brought to think the first time in his life why God ever allowed human beings to commit such an evil act. He was so shaken and depressed that he started considering committing suicide before he was told to turn away from the death pit. Elie was unable to forget the shocking scene and this was the first time he started losing faith in God and religion. He was not able to figure out why a just God would ever permit anyone to be so brutal to other innocent human beings. The next event which further weakened Eli ’s faith was the public hanging of the â€Å"pipel†. When he saw how the little boy was given the deliberate and excruciating death, he also experienced at the same time the death of his faith and beliefs. He considered pipel’s death as divine death as he said that it was not the pipel who was hanged but it was God hanging on the gallows. Up to this point, Elie’s beliefs had abandoned. He had given up his loyalties toward God. His faith had been shattered to pieces and he had no plans to collect those shattered pieces and join them up again. As a token of expression, he stopped praying to God. He did not pray on the holy days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. He announced during the New Year celebrations that he had accused God who was answerable to him. However, this shift in his faith did not satisfy Elie internally. He knew that he was restless and empty from inside, when he should have been feeling satisfied upon accusing the guilty one. Elie was witho ut help and was blank. The rebellion against God strengthened when Elie stopped practicing any religious ritual and did not even fast on the Day of Atonement. He was encouraged by his father who had always been disinterested in Elie’s faith. Elie made sure he â€Å"swallowed† his meals on the Day of Atonement expressing his rebellion against God and faith. However, faith had still not died entirely. Elie experienced some portion of it coming back to him which forced him to pray twice. Or

Pain In Cardiothoracic Surgery Numerical Rating For Pain Nursing Essay

Pain In Cardiothoracic Surgery Numerical Rating For Pain Nursing Essay Pain is frequently experienced post-operatively, after cardiothoracic surgery, and is thus a core component of nursing practice (Kalso, Perttunen, and Kaasinen, 2002). This assignment introduces the concept of pain and highlights the importance of the accurate assessment of pain in terms of the Nursing and Midwifery (NMC, 2008) Code of Practice and recommended guidelines. This is followed by an evaluation of pain assessment outcome measures, with particular focus on the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain. The NRS, when used as a self-report outcome measure, is the gold standard for pain assessment. It is a psychometrically and operationally robust pain assessment measure, as supported by the evidence presented within this assignment. Not only is the NRS associated with a number of beneficial patient outcomes, but it has also been found to facilitate communication between patients, healthcare professionals, and multidisciplinary teams (de Rond et al., 2001). Pain in Cardiothoracic Surgery: The Numerical Rating Scale for Pain Assessment This assignment introduces the concept of pain and highlights the importance of the accurate assessment of pain within the cardiothoracic surgery setting. This is followed by an evaluation of pain assessment outcome measures, with particular focus on the gold standard self-report outcome measure, the Numerical Rating Scale for pain. Background In the UK, over 10,000 cases of thoracic surgery are carried out each year, with pain being frequently reported post-surgery (Perttunen, Tasmuth, and Kalso, 1999; Maguire et al., 2006). One study found that persistent pain lasting more than 6-months was reported by 44% of patients after a thoracotomy (Kalso, Perttunen, and Kaasinen, 2002). The prevalence of chronic pain after thoracic surgery has been reported as a significant problem that is consistently rated by patients as being one of the most difficult problems following surgery; it can impact a patients life for several years, severely depleting their quality of life (Maguire et al., 2006). Despite the prevalence and burden of pain, the literature highlights many cases of poor clinical practice in the assessment and management of post-operative pain (Dihle et al., 2006; Schoenwald and Clark 2006). This is regardless of past quality improvement initiatives and changes to practice, which comprised the establishment of clinical nurse specialists, multidisciplinary pain teams, and standardised pain assessment tools (The Royal College of Surgeons of England and College of Anaesthetists, 1990). Inadequate assessment and management of post-operative pain poses a number of implications for the patient and the NHS. For example, pain can result in increased levels of anxiety, sleep disturbance, restlessness, irritability, and aggression, as well as limitations in mobility (Macintyre and Ready, 2001; Carr et al., 2005). More importantly, post-operative pain is an unnecessary ordeal that causes heightened distress (Macintyre and Ready, 2001; Carr et al., 2005). It can also have physiological effects on patients, which may lead to complications and delayed discharge from hospital, including increases in heart rate and blood pressure, delayed gastric emptying, nausea, vomiting, and paralytic ileus (paralysis of the intestine). Difficulties coughing, resulting from increased pain on exertion, can result in chest infections and additional problems, such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus (Sjostrom et al 2000; Macintyre and Ready, 2001). At worst, unrelieved pain can be lif e-threatening, especially in older people with comorbidities (Hamil, 1994). Pain is the fifth vital sign in the physiological assessment of patients, making it a core component of nursing practice (Chronic Pain Policy Coalition, 2008). The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organisations has made it mandatory for hospitals to assess pain in patients (Krebs, Carey, and Weinberger, 2007). Nurses are morally and ethically responsible for the accurate assessment of post-operative pain (Dimond, 2002), since this is vital for identifying the nature and severity of pain as well as for administering pain relief interventions and ascertaining the effectiveness of such interventions (Mackintosh, 2007). As an example, pain scores can be used alongside the WHO (1990) three-step analgesic ladder in the administration of pain relief. The assessment of pain is complex and decisions are required as to the most accurate method of assessment within different clinical environments and with different patients. One such complex decision is whether to measure pain observationally or via self-reports and this decision is most likely to be led by conceptions of pain. If defined as a subjective experience, or as described by McCaffery and Beebe (1968, p. 95) as, whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the experiencing person says it does, then choice of assessment is most likely to be self-report. Self-report is the gold standard for measuring pain since subjective experiences can only be measured from the perspective of the patient (Wood, 2004). The importance of self-report pain assessment is highlighted in a study by Whipple et al. (1995) whereby, out of 17 trauma patients admitted to an intensive care unit, 95% of doctors and 81% of nurses felt that the patients had adequate pain relief; in contrast, 74% of patients rated their pain as moderate or severe. Many other studies confirm this inconsistency between the subjective pain reported by patients and the objective pain reported by healthcare professionals (Sjostrom et al., 2000; Marquie et al., 2003; Sloman et al., 2005). There are a vast array of patient-reported outcome measures for assessing pain, including uni-dimensional scales that measure one element of pain (such as intensity) and multidimensional scales that measure more characteristics of pain and its impact (Macintyre et al., 2010). Whilst multidimensional tools might be better for chronic long-term conditions, uni-dimensional scales have been reported to be effective for acute pain, which can be experienced in the cardiothoracic surgery setting (Wood, 2008). Multi-dimensional measures of pain are rarely used post-surgery as they are more complex and time-consuming (Coll et al., 2004). Therefore, this assignment evaluates selected literature on uni-dimensional outcome measures within this context, with particular focus on the measure recommended by the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine in their guidance on Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence (Macintyre et al., 2010): The Numerical Rating Scale for Pain. Methodology Literature pertaining to the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain was searched in order to identify articles on the NRS and comparative pain assessment tools. The following keywords were used within the search strategy: pain AND numerical rating scale OR NRS AND surgery. The search was limited to articles comprising adult participants. The search was also limited to records no earlier than 2005 in an effort to obtain the most recent evidence examining the NRS. Nevertheless, where these records have cited earlier research assessed as being applicable to this assignment, these records have also been obtained and used as evidence. Results A total of 88 records were retrieved from the pre-defined search criteria, 28 of which were not relevant to this assignment. A total of 60 records were evaluated for evidence to be included within this assignment. In synthesising the evidence within these records and the utilised pain assessment tools, a framework created by Fitzpatrick et al. (1998) was adopted. This framework, designed to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate patient-reported outcome measures, promotes a consideration of the following psychometric properties and operational characteristics: appropriateness of the instrument to the purpose and setting; reliability; validity; responsiveness; precision; interpretability; acceptability; and feasibility. Examples of three of the most frequently utilised uni-dimensional pain assessment measures, as discussed within the following appraisal of the literature, can be found in appendix 1. Literature Appraisal The reviewed evidence suggests that the four most commonly utilised uni-dimensional pain assessment tools are the verbal rating scales (VRS), numerical rating scale (NRS), visual analogue scale (VAS), and pictorial rating scale (PRS). Such tools were developed due to the lack of feasibility associated with using multidimensional outcome measures within the clinical environment (Wood, 2004). Uni-dimensional tools such as the VRS, NRS, VAS and PRS enable health professionals to quantify pain intensity from a subjective perspective without being too time-consuming and without creating a burden for patients. Verbal rating scales are descriptive in nature, allowing patients to rate their pain intensity on a scale of no pain, mild pain, moderate pain, or severe pain (Wood 2004; Williamson and Hoggart, 2005). They have been reported as being one of the easiest tools to understand and use, whilst also offering the option of being completed verbally or in written format. The VRS has been adopted and integrated into acute settings, with numbers to rate pain being used in observation charts (e.g. 1=mild pain; 2=moderate pain, etc.). Such integration into standard practice increases the feasibility of the scale, whilst using numbers to document pain provides ease of interpretability. Of caution, however, is that although verbal rating scales are easy to use, the adjectives do not necessarily represent equal intervals of pain. Indeed, patients may wish to express their pain in via a word not appearing within the list of adjectives they have been presented with (Schofield, 1995). Due to the use of words to describe pain, the VRS is dependent on both the respondents interpretation and understanding of the terms, as well as the health professionals interpretation. It has, therefore, been suggested that this scale lacks the sensitivity and accuracy of other pain rating scales (Baillie 1993). Jensen et al. (1994) suggested that the lack of sensitivity of the VRS could lead to an over or underestimation of changes in pain being experienced and, as such, could make it difficult to manage pain appropriately and effectively. In contrast to the VRS, the visual analogue scale (VAS) uses a 100mm horizontal or vertical line with extremes of pain placed at either end of the line so that the patient marks their pain intensity along the continuum. The distance to the line can then be measured and documented. A VAS rating of greater than 70mm is usually the threshold indicative of severe pain (Aubrun et al., 2008). However, the VAS poses a number of limitations within the clinical setting. It requires a greater degree of cognitive functioning, physical dexterity, and concentration than other measures of pain, and thus it is not suitable for some patients, including older patients and those with visual difficulties (Krulewitch et al., 2000). Indeed, Chapman and Syrjala (1990) estimated that 7-11% of adults would have difficulty using the VAS, whilst Wood (2004) went on to find that about 20% of patients are either unable to complete the VAS or find it confusing. Also, because it is administered verbally, it might be difficult to use after general anaesthesia or administration of some analgesics. In addition, the VAS has been found to be highly sensitive to changes in levels of pain, which can make it difficult to use (Bird and Dickson, 2001). Overall, the VAS has been found to be the least suitable uni-dimensional pain assessment measure, especially if administered after cardiac surgery (Pesonen et al., 2008). Numerical rating scales (NRS) offer an alternative to descriptive measures of pain by assessing pain intensity numerically, on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). A value of four or more is most often used as a threshold to guide clinical intervention (Mularski, 2006). On the other hand, the most recent guidance from the World Union of Wound Healing Societies (WUWHS, 2007) makes no reference to pain score thresholds, merely offering that change in pain level may indicate a need to reassess the patient. The NRS has been found to be highly acceptable to patients when compared to other pain scales (WUWHS, 2007) and, like the VRS, it has the advantage of being validated for verbal or written administration, which makes it feasible for use with patients who have differing levels of ability to complete such assessments (Paice and Cohen, 1997). It has been shown that older patients, post-operative patients, and patients with poor motor coordination are able to use the NRS (Rodriguez, 2001; Aubrun et al., 2003). It is not recommended, however, for patients with post-operative confusion (Ferrell et al., 1995). The NRS is more sensitive than the VRS, although some patients might find it difficult to describe their pain numerically (Carpenter and Brockopp, 1995). The NRS for pain is recommended by the The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine developed guidance on Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence (Macintyre et al., 2010), which is endorsed by the Faculty of Pain Medicine, Royal College of Anaesthetists in the UK as well the International Association for the Study of Pain. The guidance aims to combine a review of the best available evidence for acute pain management with current clinical practice and was designed to provide information based on best evidence. The support cited within the document shows a good correlation between the VAS and NRS, indicating good levels if convergent validity with a measure purporting to assess the same construct. However, this correlation is not as strong in cardiothoracic patients compared to non-cardiothoracic patients (Ahlers et al., 2008). The document also highlights that the NRS is usually preferable, most certainly among patients (Herr et al., 2004). This is likely due to its feasibility in terms of burden to patients and staff since it only takes 30 seconds to complete (Downie et al., 1978). Importantly, the NRS has been found to be responsive to interventions such as patient-controlled analgesia (Li, Liu and Herr 2009), making it an effective instrument for monitoring pain management. The scale is also highly Downie et al. (1978) also found the NRS to have superior accuracy when compared to the VAS and simple descriptive measures of pain such as the VRS. It could be argued that the NRS provides a compromise between the VRS, which offers only a few descriptors for patients to choose from, and the VAS, which has been reported to offer too much choice and to be confusing. In terms of comparability against observer-based measures of pain, the NRS has been found to be more sensitive to detecting pain than the Behavioural Pain Scale (BPS) in both cardiothoracic and non-cardiothoracic patients (Ahlers et al., 2008). The authors rationalise that when using the NRS, health professionals tend to gather more background information on the patient, taking into consideration pain over time. In contrast, the BPS measures pain at one point in time, is objective, and lacks a contextual basis for interpretation. Therefore, the authors recommend that the BPS is only used alongside the NRS (Ahlers et al., 2008). This again supports self-reported pain as being the gold-standard for pain assessment and management. Importantly, studies have demonstrated that improvements in pain assessment and documentation frequently lead to more effective pain management (Erdek and Pronovost, 2004). In terms of the NRS, the evidence suggests that using this scale frequently results in favourable clinical outcomes such as decreased incidence of pain and agitation, as well as a decrease in the duration of mechanical ventilation (Chanques et al., 2006). It also enhances the nurse-patient relationship by providing acknowledgment of pain (Briggs, 2003). These positive outcomes are likely related to the fact that healthcare professionals are less liable to underestimate a patients level of pain when using the NRS than when compared to not using it. One study showed that of patients experiencing pain, where a discrepancy was reported between patient and nurse ratings, the NRS had not been used in 45% of such cases (Lorenz et al., 2009). This problem is especially apparent when patients rate their pain as being unacc eptable; nurses tend to underestimate the level of pain if not collecting pain ratings from patients using the NRS (Ahlers et al., 2008). In this sense, the NRS and, indeed, other pain measures are invaluable for facilitating patient communication of pain and expression of pain (Wood, 2004). The NRS also offers a number of practical advantages in that it is easy to teach to all staff and patients, as well as being easy to score and document. The documentation of all measures of pain is fundamental for the delivery of effective care, and it also facilitates communication between multidisciplinary team members (American Pain Society, 1995). The NRS is a valid and reliable measure of pain, but does still need to be used with caution and professional judgment as some studies have found a lack of consistency between ratings of pain. For example, one study found that whilst a patient might express a reduction in pain after an intervention, their score on the NRS remains the same (Mackintosh, 2005). Furthermore, a rating of, for example, seven by one patient might have a different meaning to another patient (Sloman et al., 2000). However, provided that such limitations are taken into consideration and efforts made to supplement the information gathered from the NRS, the instrument can be a highly effective tool for the assessment and management of pain (Mackintosh, 2005). Such supplementary enquiry might include observation and history taking, as recommended by McCaffery and Pasero (1999). Implications for Practice Despite the many benefits to uni-dimensional outcome measures of pain, such tools need to be used with caution as they only focus on limited aspects of the pain experience, arguable oversimplifying the complexity of the experience (Wood, 2004). They also pose the risk of being misinterpreted, a risk that cannot be rectified via descriptive tools since interpretation difficulties are also present when using the VRS. For example, what constitutes moderate pain might vary across patients and health professionals, as well as be dependent on factors such as personality, culture, and experience (Closs et al., 2004). The validity and reliability of all pain assessment tools, including the NRS, can be enhanced by familiarising the patient with the assessment tool and explaining the reasons for its use. Indeed, Giordano, Abramson and Boswell (2010) have emphasised the importance of listening to the patients subjective descriptions of pain and being consistent in the documentation of any pain assessment. At the same time, it is imperative to acknowledge that a pain assessment tool is only one aspect of the overall assessment of the patients pain (Duke, 2006). In the cardiothoracic setting, pain assessment should include static (rest) and dynamic (sitting, coughing, etc.) pain assessment and management (Macintyre et al., 2010). Although the assessment process should not be rushed, it does need to commence soon after surgery since studies have shown that high levels of pain immediately after surgery are associated with increased risk of developing chronic pain (Katz et al., 1996). In the clinical environment, it is not always feasible to carry out extensive assessments of pain, but the benefit of utilising a tool such as the NRS is that it provides an initial brief assessment of pain intensity. This, in turn, provides vital information on whether pain relief is required or whether a previously administered intervention has been effective. It is understood, however, that awareness of other pain measures is essential for the purpose of providing equal care to patients who might not be able to complete the NRS. For example, patients with cognitive impairments might find the Abbey Pain Scale easier to complete (Abbey et al., 2004), whilst patients with learning disabilities might prefer Zwakhalen et al.s (2004) scale of non-verbal indicators. Conclusions Effective pain management needs to commence with effective pain assessment, as well as the identification of factors requiring urgent intervention (Fear, 2010). The Numerical Rating Scale for pain provides a psychometrically robust method of assessing pain intensity and monitoring pain reduction interventions. As well as being psychometrically robust, the scale is acceptable to patients and feasible within busy clinical environments such as the cardiothoracic surgery setting. The best available evidence suggests the Numerical Rating Scale for pain is a suitable tool for the assessment and management of post-surgery pain and using this tool thus adheres to the Nursing and Midwifery (NMC, 2008) Code of Practice for providing a high standard of evidence-based practice at all times. Not only does this scale provide improved patient outcomes, but it also promotes communication between the patient, nurse, and multidisciplinary team (de Rond et al., 2001). More research is needed on the acc uracy and effectiveness of the NRS, as well as exploration as to any potential improvements to the instrument (Krebs, Carey, and Weinberger, 2007); however, until then, the evidence suggests that the NRS is an acceptable and efficacious screening tool for measuring pain in patients. Appendix 1: Pain Rating Scales Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Faces Rating Scale (FRS)

A Cleaner Future: A Comprehensive Pollution Prevention and Reduction Pr

A Cleaner Future: A Comprehensive Pollution Prevention and Reduction Program Introduction Pollution is a major problem globally and it becomes greater as the human population continues to rise exponentially. One of the major problems with increased population is higher waste production, which creates increased air, soil, and water pollution. To resolve this problem waste reduction must be of primary importance in preventing and reducing pollution. Waste management can be an expensive undertaking if not managed correctly so sustainable practices must be addressed. While pollution prevention and reduction programs can be expensive if not managed correctly, waste reduction is essential for the reduction and prevention of pollution. Recycling, Water preservation, Municipal solid waste management, and population stability are the essentials to a cleaner tomorrow. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a significant problem globally. The biggest obstacle in waste reduction is public involvement. Society specifically in-developed countries produce significant waste through overconsumption. To address this problem it will take significant public participation. Careful considerations and planning must go into confronting the issue of MSW with the public. According to O'Connell (2011) â€Å"Waste and consumption practices are multi-dimensional and the methods for engaging the public in reducing MSW must incorporate feelings, practical considerations, and education.† It is evident that for significant municipal solid waste reduction to occur education and public feelings must be addressed. Without public participation MSW reduction cannot occur. The pollution prevention and reduction program will take aim at educating the public of the significance ... ...& Industry. (Document ID: 1552023631). Jiboye, A. (2011). Sustainable Urbanization: Issues and Challenges for Effective Urban Governance in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(6), 211-224. Retrieved January 23, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 2535474281). O'Connell, E.. (2011). Increasing Public Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Reduction. The Geographical Bulletin, 52(2), 105-118. Retrieved January 8, 2012, from Research Library. (Document ID: 2517583571). Miller, G. T., Jr., & Spoolman, S. E. (2012). Living in the environment: Concepts, connections, and solutions (17th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning Wang, H.. (2010). A Sustainable Decision-Making Model for Materials Recovery Facilities Problems in Waste Management. Competition Forum, 8(2), 248-253. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 2174555611).

Credit Card Hacking

Credit card also referred as plastic money. It is a card provides by bank to user in respect of his bank account or even with out bank account in that bank but against his income amount which he have through his job or business or even his cultivated land. There are two types of card, Credit card and debit card. Credit card is interest base and has certain amount of money which that particular bank pays against you and you will have to pay it back to the bank with interest. Debit card is different from credit card, you can also use it for payments but this payment goes directly from your own account. The concept of cards are basically introduced the idea of CASH WITHOUT MONEY, just for safe your cash from lost and theft. Cash is secure by credit card, but is your card secure .In the world of crime, a new crime has taken birth and it is Credit Card hacking. What you know about credit card hacking? It is simply awesome or a night mare but it can happen. Many people are unaware that when they give their credit card, it can be hacked. There are many ways by which the card can be hacked. Some are here for general purpose. The most common way of credit card’s hacking is quite easy and almost safe. When someone gives his card to any retailers for payment, the retailer copies the code and sells it to the hackers. The retailer copied the code of credit card and then with the help of MSR, transfers it to computer and makes a new but fake card. The credit card holder can’t imagine even what had happened with him. The other method of credit card’s â€Å"hacking† is â€Å"white card†. These white cards are easily available in many countries’ markets and samagals to Pakistan by many people. Unfortunately these cards cannot check in scan machines at Pakistani’s airports. (Quoted from Cyber crime wing FIA Pakistan). These white cards used for as ID cards in big companies as their workers showed it in their scanners and get in the company. But hackers are doing misuse of these cards and they convert the hacked data into this white card’ chip and coated it into fake credit card. To avoid such crimes, the banks are going more conscious to save and secure their DATA that no hacker can reach to them. Now a day’s many banks are introducing Credit card’ insurance plan. It is quite safe and pinafore of card holders. The banks take extra charges for insurance but in the case of insurance, bank is liable to pay you your extra money which is not spend by you, either in case of theft or fraud.

Pearl Harbor1 essays

Pearl Harbor1 essays Japan had aided in the defeat of Germany by Allied powers, and the Americans seemed to them by preaching self- determination and an open door policy (Goldstein 35). Woodrow Wilson believed that Japands entry into World War I, and its intervention during Russias civil war (Rusbridger 55). Japanese learned that power was its on justification (Rusbridger 56). The Japanese also became aware that power rather than national law (Rusbridger 55). Japan accepted such a World and became an apartment pupil of the West (Marcello 29). Japanese leaders presumed that imperialism was the equivalent of being modern and civilized (Marcello 29). Internation relations were characterized by power politics, aggressive nationalism and Western colinialism (Clarke 101). The label Japan the overt attacker while portraying the United States as an innocent victim (Goldstein 23). Japanese bombed civilian population in China, these attacks were not on the massive scale of the bombing by Germany, Great Bri tain and United States (Goldstein 23). American military authorities in the 1920s and 1930s carried out the fighting based on simulated Japansese attacked on Pearl Harbor that looked like the real one (Wray 1). Japanese attacked on Pearl Harbor leaded greater charity for the causes of Pacific War (Wray 1). ...

Definition of Leadership and Its Traits

Definition of Leadership and Its Traits Although there is no universal definition of leadership, or the traits that comprise it, all definitions can be summarized as the â€Å"process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task† (Blake and Mouton, 1985). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Leadership and Its Traits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Basically, leadership concerns organizing a group of persons to realize a common objective and this involves inspiring them to adopt a teamwork strategy. There are four main concepts involved in leadership, i.e. the leader, the followers, communication, and situation. The leader must be honest in all his/her roles. It is vital to point out that it is the subjects who decide the success of a leader. Consequently, the leader must employ two-way communication and consider the situation before choosing a communication strat egy. There are two models of leadership in use today: the Four Framework Approach and the Managerial Grid. The Four Framework model proposes that leaders show leadership traits in one of the following structures: Structural, Human Resource, Political, or Symbolic. However, the Managerial Grid employs two axes: â€Å"concern for people† and â€Å"Concern for task or results† (Blake and Mouton, 1985). The dimensions are plotted in the vertical axis and horizontal axis respectively and have a range of 0-9. Since a leader interacts with all persons, below, at par or above his/her rank, it is vital that he/she wins their support and be able to inspire them. This can be effected by understanding human nature, which is defined as the common traits of persons such as values, beliefs, and customs. Another important aspect in leadership is vision, purpose, and goals. Goals must be realistic and attainable, should improve the organization in all aspects, should involve all peopl e, and should run on a predefined program. In addition, the following characteristics are important in goal setting: goal difficulty, specificity, feedback, and participation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although there are no common leadership traits, the following traits are vital towards the success of a leader: honesty, competency, forward-looking (vision), inspiration, intelligence, fair-mindedness, broad-minded, courageous, straightforward and imaginative. These are just a fraction of the traits that a leader should possess. There are various styles of leadership, each of which should be used according to the situation. They are authoritarian, participative, and delegative forms of leadership. A good leader employs all the styles with one of them being dominant, however, a bad leader tend to stick to one form of leadership. A leader may be required to cre ate a matrix team, lead one, or form a part of one. A matrix team may be a work group, task groups, brainstorming teams, or similar specialized groups in an organization. Communication, collaboration, and collective efforts is important in these working groups. One of the greatest challenges in leadership is to get all members of an organization to embrace diversity. Diversity is all about empowering persons and it increases the efficiency of an organization by making the most of the employees’ strengths. To develop diversity, a leader can use either of the following methods: training, education, and development. Time management is important too in all leadership processes. In today’s changing and highly competitive business environment, one of the proven methods of surviving is to adopt change. This strategy will ensure that consumer demands of quality products and services are met. Reshaping the organization may involve picking a highly flexible and committed workfo rce. Training can also increase output, but should be followed by an After Action Review (AAR) which evaluates the success of the tasks and goals set by the leader. Reference Blake, R. R. Mouton, J. S. (1985). The Managerial Grid III: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Leadership and Its Traits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Leadership - Essay Example Trust from others – a leader has to develop the trust from his/her constituency. In a soccer game if the couch has given specific instructions of how a game strategy should be followed, all team members must trust that this strategy is going to be followed out in the field; Think creatively and objectively – a leader needs to create situations that will enhance the outcome results and be objective in the process. This creative thinking and objectivity may be discussed with the coach and the team members during practice for field performance; Partnership – a leader needs to make adjustments in his/her role and use the avant-garde posture: horizontal and vertical communication and make everyone feel that they are the owners of their fate and as such they are responsible for their actions. If a soccer player is not in place to receive the ball, an alternative player may be the receiver of the ball until the player is in place to perform the strategy that was delineated; Justice to think fairly – a leader should be able to balance criteria so that a fair view of different situations is present. A player may not feel well, therefore, his/her performance may not be up to par during a given

Position review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Evidence - Essay Example r reasoning was based on the fact that she heard a student along the hall was alluding that a bomb had been strategically placed in the building and would blow off at a later time (Noon). The other issue that arises in this case is the fact that Miss Maggie is not in position to provide evidence by showing the court the exact person who uttered these words; instead she seeks assistance from her defendant concerning this matter. Additionally, the prosecutor and the defendant have invited a witness (Mickie) who testifies that he actually heard Miss Maggie uttering the words that caused a scare in the college compound. However, he asserts that Miss Maggie informed him that she heard this information from an unspecified colleague. The utterances by the prosecutor and the defendant may be ascribed to the corpus of hearsay which has had various definitions depending on the scope of usage. There are various ways in which the court may rule the allegations of both the defendant and the prosecutor as mere hearsay. The first reasoning emerges from the fact that hearsay may regarded as the expression of presence sense impression; that is, the making statements by an individual at a certain period concerning perceived phenomenon (Federal Government 2008). In this case perception may arise from actual visualization of the scenarios or even hearing from third parties. This aspect may capacitate the court to rule that both the witness and the defendant statements are based on mere hearsay. Secondly, the statement made by the defendant may also be regarded as rumors which may also be referred as second hand information (CPS 2009). In this case, Maggie’s arguments may not be admissible owing to the fact that she cannot provide proof to support her idea that she heard the information/rumor from heard party. Certain laws related to hearsay posits that; hearsay evidence may be acceptable to prove that a person actually uttered some words but not admissible to prove facts

The Heart and Christian Bernard Essay Example for Free

The Heart and Christian Bernard Essay The Heart and Christian Barnard Christian Barnard, the man who performed the first human heart transplant. Christian Barnard was born in Beaufort West, South Africa on November 8, 1922. He was the fourth of five sons. His father was Adam Hedrick Barnard who was a reverend in the Dutch reformed church, he preached to a non-white congregation. His mother was Maria Elisabeth Deswart Barnard who had been a school teacher before marriage. Both parents were also Afrikaner missionaries. Christian Barnard grew up in a poor environment in Beaufort West, a town on South Africa’s semi-arid Great Karroo plateau. Christian Barnard attended a local high school he went on and received an M. D. degree from the University of Cape Town in 1953. He received a Ph. D degree from the University of Minnesota in 1958. He returned to the University of Cape Town in 1958 to teach surgery. He specialized in open-heart surgery and in designing artificial heart valves. The first human heart transplant was performed on December 3, 1967, transferring the heart of a 25 year old woman into the body of Louis Waskansky , a 55 year old grocer. He died 18 days later due to double pneumonia as a result of his suppressed immune system. The second transplant was on January 2, 1968 which was for Philip Blaiberg, who lived for 563 days after the operation. Christian Barnard spent the beginning of his adult life in the United States where he gained recognition for research in gastrointestinal pathology and later went back to South Africa and introduced open-heart surgery to that country and designed artificial valves for the human heart. Christian Barnard made a huge impact and contribution to healthcare when he attempted and accomplished the worlds first human heart transplant which was a huge success in the medical field. His accomplishment led to further investigation in heart transplants and which now is a normal surgery that is performed all around the world today. Christian Barnard had been bothered by rheumatoid arthritis since he was young, and advancing stiffness in his hands forced his retirement from surgery in 1983. He took up writing, however, and wrote a cardiology text, an autobiography, and several novels, including a thriller about organ transplants. He passed away on September 2, 2001. Christian Barnard has made a huge impact on healthcare and the study of medicine. Christian Barnard is a hero to me because he was brave enough to take a chance and put his reputation on the line to make a difference. Christian Barnard’s contribution to health care has changed the years to come in medicine and his contribution will always be remembered.

GM Sees Tepid Sales of New Models :: essays research papers

General Motors Corp., already bracing for a tough 2005 because of flagging truck sales, is now showing signs of trouble selling two of the new cars it had been expecting to pick up the slack this year. The company in the last week or so has increased incentives on the Pontiac G6 and the Buick LaCrosse as a result of sluggish sales, and has prepared to scale back production at the factory that assembles the G6. GM recently told workers at its plant in Orion, Mich., that it is reducing the number of cars it wants produced each hour and delaying the start of a second shift of production until after the company's annual plant shutdown in July. The company had planned to start the second shift in the spring. Paul Ballew, GM's executive director of market and industry analysis, said production is ramping up slowly at the plant because not all versions of the G6 are in the market yet, such as a model with a four-cylinder engine. "We don't get the coupes until the summer, and we don't get the convertible until after that," he said. "We've been delayed in bringing some of the the new versions of the G6 out." Mr. Ballew said G6 sales are "pretty good" but acknowledged they are "not off the charts." GM expects to sell about 6,000 G6s this month, up from about 4,000 last month, he said. The slow start of the G6 and LaCrosse sales comes at a difficult point for GM, the world's largest car maker. In 2004, GM lost market share and was forced to cut production as Japanese rivals such as Toyota Motor Corp. and Nissan Motor Co. posted substantially higher sales of mainstream cars. At the same time, luxury-car makers such as BMW AG are expanding further into midprice segments that GM once dominated. In January, GM said 2005 earnings would fall by about a third to between $4 and $5 a share, as a result of a $1 billion increase in health-care costs, a substantial loss in Europe and lower profit at its financing arm. It is also suffering from an aging line of pickup trucks and big sports-utility vehicles, such as the Chevy Suburban and GMC Yukon, that normally generate substantial profit. These sales are falling as GM prepares to launch new versions in 2006. The LaCrosse and especially the G6 were supposed to help smooth the ride in the meantime.

United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland

Great Britain is made up of three countries, England, Scotland and Wales. It is an island off the coast of north–west of Europe. Britain is part of the United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital is London. There are many different landscapes in Britain, from high mountains to rolling hill sand valleys. Places like Wales, the Lake District and northwest Scotland have high mountains and steep slopes made out of solid rocks. This landscape was made millions of years ago during the ice ages, when moving glaciers of ice made deep valleys, steep mountain slopes and long lakes. The southern and eastern parts of Britain are made up of smaller rocks that have weathered and become fertile farmland. The highest point is Ben Nevis – 1343 metres above sea level and the lowest point is Holme Fen – 3 metres below sea level. The population is 57,970,200 people, the population density at 239 people per square km. 92% of British people live in urban areas while only 8% live in rural areas. Great Britain is completely surrounded by sea, isolating it from the rest of Europe. No part of Britain is far from the sea, which is an important resource for fishing, tourism and ports. Britain†s rivers provide drinking water for towns, and irrigate farmers† crops. However rivers can cause floods. The northern and western portions are mountainous. The highlands – the Pennine Chain, forms the backbone of northern England. Rolling plains occupy most of central and eastern England. The western part of the central region is known as the Midlands. To the east lies The Fens, a marsh area. To the south, an elevated plateau slopes upward. The terrain of Scotland is mountainous but is divided into three regions, from north to south: the Highlands, the Central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands. The Highlands occupy more than a half of Scotland, the most rugged region on the island of Great Britain. Wales has an irregular coastline and many bays; the biggest is Cardigan Bay. Except for narrow and low coastal areas, mainly in the south and west, Wales is mostly mountainous. Great Britain has quite cool summers and mild winters. The weather changes from day to day. The climate is temperate – the country does not have long periods when it is hot or cold. Western parts of Britain receive more rain and snow during the year than south and east. This is because southwesterly winds bring water from the Atlantic Ocean to the west, which falls as rain where it meets the mountains on land. There are large amounts of water in this area and a shortage in the south and the east. Britain†s climate is getting warmer. Average temperatures have risen 0.5 °c since 1850. This is enough to start the polar ice caps melting. If the ice caps continue to melt, large areas of southern and eastern England will be permanently flooded. The mean annual temperature ranges between 11.1 °c in the south and 8.9 °c in the northeast. Fogs, mists, and overcast skies are frequent, particularly in the inland regions. Like the climate of the rest of Great Britain, Scotland is influenced by the surrounding seas. As a result, extreme changes are rare and temperate winters and cool summers are the major climate features. Low temperatures are common in the winter season. Precipitation ranges from about 3810mm annually in the western Highlands to about 635mm annually in eastern areas. The climate of Wales, is a lot like England†s, it is mild and moist. Annual rainfall changes with elevation, ranging from about 762 mm in coastal regions to more than 2540 mm in the Snowdon massif. As a result of the relative warmth of the nearby seas, England has a moderate climate. Precipitation is heaviest during October, it averages about 760 mm annually in most of England. England has some agricultural and mineral resources but must rely on imports of both. Approximately two-fifths of the land area is arable, and the richest soils are found in the east. The soil is generally rocky and infertile, except for that of the Central Lowlands. Much of the soil of Wales is of infertile rocky or leached types. The most fertile soils are in the southeast and in a few coastal areas. Only about 8.5% of Britain land is forested, and half of this was planted forty years ago. Britain†s natural forest cover has been cut down over hundreds of years, especially in the 18th and 19th century. The most common species of trees indigenous to Scotland are oak and conifers mainly fir, pine, and larch. Large forested areas are rare, and woodlands are in the southern and eastern Highlands. Vegetation in the elevated regions consists largely of heather, ferns, mosses, and grasses. Practically all of the cultivated plants of Scotland were imported from America and Europe. More than 3/4 of the land is used for agriculture; farming and grazing occupy the same amount of land. The most important crops are wheat, oats, and potatoes. Other crops include barley, turnips, and fruit. Wales has ferns and mosses in low-lying, wet areas. Grasslands are mainly at higher elevations. Crops include barley, oats, potatoes, and hay. Less than 10% of the land is under cultivation, and about 40% are in grazing land. Forests cover only about 4% of the land, but government reforestation programs are increasing in the area. England used to be heavily forested, mainly oak and beech in the lowlands and pine and birch in the mountains. Woodlands now make-up less than 4% of the total land area. Many types of fruit trees grow in England, including the cherry, apple, and plum trees. Gorse is a common shrub. Many varieties of wildflowers also grow here. During the eighteenth century, Britain gained an empire by colonising parts of North America, Africa and Asia. By the nineteenth century, England was bringing back much wealth from these colonies. The trade in slaves and other goods from the colonies supplied the money to build the factories and the machines of Britain†s Industrial Revolution. The country developed heavy industries like coal mining, iron and steel manufacturing, engineering and shipbuilding. However in the twentieth century other countries revolutionised and began to compete with Britain in the overseas markets – so British exports declined. From the 1950†³s on, many former Britain colonies in Africa and Asia became independent and made their own industries, this affecting Britain†s imports and exports. All over Britain factories, mills etc closed. By the 1990†³s the worst of the decline had finished and Britain began to concentrate on new hi-tech and service industries. In the last 25 years, microelectronics has become one of the fastest growing sectors of Britain industry. It is a new phase of industrial growth which scientists call re-industrialisation. The future for Britain as a manufacturing nation looks good and it depends on whether it can develop and specialise in hi-tech industries such as aerospace, computers, electronics, telecommunications and biotechnology. The private car is the most popular form of transport for most British people. The British rail company is becoming more modernised – with new high-speed rail services. Air transport in Britain is also important and very popular. The British industry is now more efficient and competitive in the world markets because of the government†s actions of new industrial growth in depressed areas and growth of service industries – in financial, shopping and transport. Telecommunications are administered by British Telecom. 29.5 million telephones were in use in the mid-1980s, giving Britain one of the world's largest telecommunications systems. In the 1980s 15 commercial program companies gave the television on a basis; satellite-broadcasting services have also been introduced. Four television channels are broadcasted at the moment and soon a fifth. 50 commercial firms in the main cities run local radio stations. 124 daily and Sunday newspapers and more than 1000 weekly newspapers are published in Great Britain. 15 London newspapers circulate nationwide, and 6 of them have daily circulations of more than 1 million. Britain is a constitutional monarchy – the queen is the head of the state but politics is controlled by their parliament. There are two houses of Parliament – The House of Commons – who are elected by the public and The House of Lords – made up of peers. The main British political parties are Labour, Conservative and Liberal Democrat. There are also Welsh and Scottish parties who want to be separate from England. The political party system has existed since the 17th century. Several parties win seats in Commons, but Great Britain has worked as a two-party system for more than a century. The majority party forms His or Her Majesty's Government, and the second party is officially known as His or Her Majesty's Own Loyal Opposition. The opposition leader is paid a salary from public funds for that role. Britain has a long history as a great political and powerful country. Britain is trying to rebuild its economy by regaining its political importance. Great Britain is primarily an industrial and commercial nation. It has major industries like transportation, communications, steel, petroleum, coal, gas and electricity. It is a world leader in international trade, it imports foodstuffs and materialism, and exports finished and manufactured goods. Gross Domestic Product – $1,018,000,000,000 (US) Gross Domestic Product per capita – $17,690 (US) Money – pound sterling. One pound = 100 pence. Chief Economic Products – agriculture, fishing, mining, manufacturing. Employment Breakdown – 58% Trades and Services 2% Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing Education is very important to everyone in Britain. All children have to go to school once they turn five, and must attend till they turn sixteen. Two education systems exist – one is free and funded by the government and the other is private where parents pay school fees for children†s education. Students can continue their education at colleges at higher levels or universities – there are 46 universities. The government is trying to encourage more students to go into higher education. Religion – The Church of England has the most members, 54%, in Great Britain. Most members, however, live in England. The second biggest religion, is the Roman Catholic Church (13%). Catholics are spread throughout the country. Other religions include Protestantism (which includes the religions of Wales and Scotland), Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, and Sikhism. Health – General physicians in Great Britain are part of the National Health Service, although some also have private patients. The service provides full, free medical care to all people. Family Life – Most British people live in houses and 15% live in flats. In the last five years many people have been moving out of towns and cities to live in the countryside because of the urban problems like crime, traffic and air pollution.

How Vampirism Is Depicted in Dracula by Stoker and I Am a Legend by Richard Matheson Essay

Vampires are creatures that are believed to feed on flesh blood of living things and especially human beings. From the novels, vampires evolved from dead human beings and came back to life with more powers than them making them super humans. To understand vampires’ evolution, different myths were developed across the world. Ancient Persia recorded their first history as most Greek and Roman myths tried to expound further on their evolution. In the history recordings, vampires were depicted as huge creatures who struggled with human beings to feed on their blood. They further differed with human being in that; they could not age or contract diseases. Their immunity to diseases prevented them infections from human beings when they fed on their flesh and blood. Although many history recordings argued on traditional history, there existed some modern vampires that first appeared in Europe. In contrast, myths also recorded a different category of vampires whose origin was not from dead human beings but with temporal incarnation between humans and vampire. This category included blood thirsty goddesses, who were classified as Stinges, Lamiae and Empusae that fed on blood occasionally. Vampirism                  Vampirism can be defined as the act of feeding on flesh and blood of living things other than vampires. When feeding the blood of human beings, vampires bite the victims’ neck sucking out large volumes of blood. Through neck biting, they are able to injure the carotid artery, which is the major artery that transports blood to the brain hence paralyzing the victim and sucking the whole blood. Vampirism is regarded as a belief of one gaining supernatural powers and feeding on human beings blood in the folklore and popular culture. Stoker tried to expound on vampires by using them as characters in his book Dracula. In this book, Dracula, who is a vampire, is the main character. The author explained how the vampire had lived for many years, which was atypical for a normal human being. Similarly, Richard Matheson book was dominated by vampires who were created by infusion of viruses. Although people could be infected with vampirism virus, Matheson brings out the nature of immunity where one of his characters Robert Neville never contracted vampirism despite being infected. He was immune to the virus though he had unique human characteristics such as blond hair and blue eyes. Matheson described Neville as an educated medical researcher who concentrated on the research on vampirism only to find out that his blood was infected though immune to the virus. Vampires in the Text                  Stoker used different vampire characters to construct his book story. Dracula, the most dominant vampire in the story was described as the king by other characters such as Van Heslin. He was very powerful and he could control nature as well as living creatures such as wild animals. In addition, Dracula has the ability to incarnate to a bat, werewolf and change his victims into vampires through infections. His ability to hypnotize his victims gave him control over them and avoided being hurt by others. Despite his powerful nature, Dracula had a number of weaknesses as described herein. His powers were limited by reflecting him on reflective objects such as mirrors. This was evidenced when Jonathan tried to reflect his image on a shaving mirror. He lost his powers and became weak to the extent of being controlled by another person. Stoker emphasized in his book, despite the weakness, it was hard to fully destroy Dracula. More weaknesses emerged as holy symb ols and garlic repelled him and his sleep was on the fate of ancestors and the native land. He did not have ability to cross river, which water was following unless supported my men or the luck of the water. This showed how he could be controlled or destroyed in cases he became so dangerous. Matheson classified vampires in two categories, which included the dead and the living ones. Similarly, as Stokers described, he depicts vampires as being repulsive to garlic and holy symbols. For example, Christian vampires feared the cross as it was a sign of holiness. Matheson explained how Neville destroyed vampires by exposing them to sunlight, inflicting large wounds and staking them with wooden spike. Comparison between the Two Works                  Both authors acknowledged garlic and religious symbols as repellant to vampires. For example, Ruth recoiled violently when Neville handed garlic over her in Matheson book and Dracula when dining with Jonathan avoided feeding on garlic. In both texts, vampires relied on flesh and blood as their main food that strengthened them. For example, Dracula in the first paragraph almost attacks Jonathan when he cuts himself. Vampires are depicted feeding on blood by Matheson and he uses the phrase blood thirst to emphasize on their need of blood. Superstition is also another theme that was described in both books. Stocker explained how Van Helsing and Seward followed the garlic superstitions from the old country where they were believed to ward off spirits by protecting themselves by them. Religious symbols such as bread and cross represented Christ and his Body (stoker 123). Despite Neville’s ability to destroy vampires, he still used garlic to protect himself strengthening the theme of superstitions in the text. Both authors described vampirism as contagious from vampires to normal people. People who survived attack by vampires were infected through bites and insects. For example, Neville was infected by vampirism and his immune ability prevented him from transformation to vampire. In both books, vampires appeared to be enemies of the normal people. In I Am a Legend, the human race was insignificant as most of them were destroyed and killed by vampires. Moreover, Neville struggles with vampires and kill most of his encounters at nights. Stoker explained how Helsing had lived wanting to conquer and destroy the Dracula and how people continuously warned him and Jonathan against close association with the monster Dracula. The conspiracy, fights, and killings between vampires and the normal human beings is an evidence of enmity between the two races. In both books, vampires’ body circulations were totally different from those of normal human beings. For example, when Neville killed a woman vampire for research in Matheson’s book, he found that her body contained rows of salt and pepper mixed the same ratios (Matheson 60). Similarly, Stoker explained how vampirism victims could not be transfused with blood from normal people and their fate was solely on supernatural powers to heal them. On the other hand both books described contrasting characters on vampire and discussed below. Vampires described by Stoker were difficult to destroy and kill and were only destabilized by refection. On contrary, vampires described by Matheson were easily killed by exposure of sunlight and infliction of wound that were staked. According to stoker, vampires were as a result of the work with supernatural evil spirits that were connected to dead. In contrast, Matheson wrote that vampires were created by infusion of microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Matheson described the evolution and development of vampires as progressive. That is, they grew from young to strong creatures that mutated at some points and they could spend some times in the sun. Stoker described vampires’ development as retrogressive, growing from old weak creature to young strong creature through feeding of blood. Stoker work was based on religious beliefs and his main aim was to strengthen and restore r eligious faith in the society. He did this by creating a scenario where vampires who were believed to be evil became afraid of holy symbols and supreme powers. It was learnt from the text that, vampires feared holy waters and for that reasons people could protect themselves from them. Dracula represented devil and this was expressed more by name of his home in London, Piccadilly. The word appears to be close to the word peccadillo â€Å"a slight offence† or sin (Merriam-Webster 530). Matheson work in contrary was not based on spirituality. His entire book denounces the interrelationship between God and humanity as evidenced by Neville when he did not depend on invisible beings when trying to destroy and kill vampires. He was more dependent on his vampire research, which was facilitated by his medical research career. According to science, the reliance on invisible being appears absurd and science does not validate it. In both books, the concepts of vampirism indicate the wickedness of humankind as it is concerned with termination of life and shedding of blood. This is against the societies norms and values and the books were written to address the evils. Matheson brought out vampires in his book as unique and modified enabling them to be more alluring to the intended target audience. This was contradictory to those in Stoker’s book where they were depicted as monsters of devil’s associates thus attracting believers as the main audience. This would help the believers appreciate the mighty power of God that made devil afraid as evidence by Dracula avoiding religious symbols. On the other hand, the target audiences for Matheson work are mainly non-believers as most of the characters such as Neville were never afraid of super beings or supernatural powers. He uses the assumption that the doctoring of individuals affects what they fear and what they do not (Matheson123). Neville discovered the reflective character of vampires in Matheson book, which was opposed to those described by Stoker (Matheson 16). In the book, I Am a Legend, Neville searches a scientific cure for vampirism from his blood due to its immunity unique character on vampirism. Although his initial trials to heal vampires had aborted, he continued to search for a solution ceaselessly. Fortunately, he found the cure, which could depress the vampires thirst for blood thus reducing their threats on human beings. This was the not the case in the text of Dracula. Vampires in both books appear as creatures, societies uphold their beliefs and norms without permitting vampires to despise them. Despite the vampires being hostile to people, they struggled to push the out of the society and denounced their evil deed across the society through eliminating them. Society struggled to push Dracula out of the society but his unnatural power defended him and the society attempts were in vain. Their fear of evil spirits prevented them from his attack and instead hoped for a savior who will come for their help. The society saw Helsing as their savior and their belief in God. He was a well-learned doctor who had an open mind and thus was probable the person to save them (Stoker 109). The two books targeted the evils in the society by addressing them and trying to bring people closer to a supreme being, God. Perhaps, the society was full of evils at the time of writing and so it was necessary to address the issues through text. It can also be assumed that, people used texts or books to learn most of the things in the societies and thus there was need to use the medium to communicate exclusively to the people. From the fact that Christianity (Church) was evident in the texts, the authors revolved their writings around it acknowledging God as the protector of human race from all sources of evils such as vampires in the book society. The individuals were protected by religious artifacts that was evidenced by possession of religious symbols by Helsing had religious items such as holy waters, which helped to protect the society from evils. Matheson described Neville as having tattoo of a cross which served as vampire repellant thus to some extent having religious belie fs. Not much was explained in the about Christianity and the church. Some of the people in the society were enlightened and had both scientific knowledge and religious beliefs to deal with the evils associated with the vampires. The authors of the books were skilled and considered perception of the people when writing so that they could be able reach and impact on the people’s ways of life. For a typical author, he or she must be able to understand his or her audience in order to deliver a relevant message and in an appropriate way without provoking them. Matheson and Stoker used this aspect and combined it with the knowledge of vampires and their attitude in the society. The use of vampires in both books was fundamental as they depicted the evils in the modern that are caused by various abnormalities as Matheson explained one of the cause to be the second world war. Therefore, by use of reality and fiction, the authors were able to prove their worthiness in literature and society. Conclusion                  Both books used vampires to deliver their messages to the respective societies. They depicted societies that were full of hostilities and blood spilling between vampires and normal human race. Although the vampires in both books had common characteristics such as feeding on human blood, they exhibited slight differences on their evolution and development. The books attracted varied audiences with Dracula attracting audience of vampires who knew Dracula as the best vampire in history. The books addressed the political views of the time with Stocker in being more concerned on Europe where the church was prominent in the political scene with believers as rulers such kings and queens. In the Matheson book, the issue of the world war was described as politically influenced and depicted how mankind would be swept off on earth by stronger weapons than nuclear if wars were to recur. References Dunnigan, James F. How to Make War. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 2003. Print Matheson, Richard. I am Legend. New York: Tom Doherty Associates, LLC, 1954. Print Stoker, Bram, and Leonard Wolf, ed. The Annotated Dracula. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. Publisher, 1975. Print Source document