Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Evidence - Essay Example r reasoning was based on the fact that she heard a student along the hall was alluding that a bomb had been strategically placed in the building and would blow off at a later time (Noon). The other issue that arises in this case is the fact that Miss Maggie is not in position to provide evidence by showing the court the exact person who uttered these words; instead she seeks assistance from her defendant concerning this matter. Additionally, the prosecutor and the defendant have invited a witness (Mickie) who testifies that he actually heard Miss Maggie uttering the words that caused a scare in the college compound. However, he asserts that Miss Maggie informed him that she heard this information from an unspecified colleague. The utterances by the prosecutor and the defendant may be ascribed to the corpus of hearsay which has had various definitions depending on the scope of usage. There are various ways in which the court may rule the allegations of both the defendant and the prosecutor as mere hearsay. The first reasoning emerges from the fact that hearsay may regarded as the expression of presence sense impression; that is, the making statements by an individual at a certain period concerning perceived phenomenon (Federal Government 2008). In this case perception may arise from actual visualization of the scenarios or even hearing from third parties. This aspect may capacitate the court to rule that both the witness and the defendant statements are based on mere hearsay. Secondly, the statement made by the defendant may also be regarded as rumors which may also be referred as second hand information (CPS 2009). In this case, Maggie’s arguments may not be admissible owing to the fact that she cannot provide proof to support her idea that she heard the information/rumor from heard party. Certain laws related to hearsay posits that; hearsay evidence may be acceptable to prove that a person actually uttered some words but not admissible to prove facts

The Heart and Christian Bernard Essay Example for Free

The Heart and Christian Bernard Essay The Heart and Christian Barnard Christian Barnard, the man who performed the first human heart transplant. Christian Barnard was born in Beaufort West, South Africa on November 8, 1922. He was the fourth of five sons. His father was Adam Hedrick Barnard who was a reverend in the Dutch reformed church, he preached to a non-white congregation. His mother was Maria Elisabeth Deswart Barnard who had been a school teacher before marriage. Both parents were also Afrikaner missionaries. Christian Barnard grew up in a poor environment in Beaufort West, a town on South Africa’s semi-arid Great Karroo plateau. Christian Barnard attended a local high school he went on and received an M. D. degree from the University of Cape Town in 1953. He received a Ph. D degree from the University of Minnesota in 1958. He returned to the University of Cape Town in 1958 to teach surgery. He specialized in open-heart surgery and in designing artificial heart valves. The first human heart transplant was performed on December 3, 1967, transferring the heart of a 25 year old woman into the body of Louis Waskansky , a 55 year old grocer. He died 18 days later due to double pneumonia as a result of his suppressed immune system. The second transplant was on January 2, 1968 which was for Philip Blaiberg, who lived for 563 days after the operation. Christian Barnard spent the beginning of his adult life in the United States where he gained recognition for research in gastrointestinal pathology and later went back to South Africa and introduced open-heart surgery to that country and designed artificial valves for the human heart. Christian Barnard made a huge impact and contribution to healthcare when he attempted and accomplished the worlds first human heart transplant which was a huge success in the medical field. His accomplishment led to further investigation in heart transplants and which now is a normal surgery that is performed all around the world today. Christian Barnard had been bothered by rheumatoid arthritis since he was young, and advancing stiffness in his hands forced his retirement from surgery in 1983. He took up writing, however, and wrote a cardiology text, an autobiography, and several novels, including a thriller about organ transplants. He passed away on September 2, 2001. Christian Barnard has made a huge impact on healthcare and the study of medicine. Christian Barnard is a hero to me because he was brave enough to take a chance and put his reputation on the line to make a difference. Christian Barnard’s contribution to health care has changed the years to come in medicine and his contribution will always be remembered.

GM Sees Tepid Sales of New Models :: essays research papers

General Motors Corp., already bracing for a tough 2005 because of flagging truck sales, is now showing signs of trouble selling two of the new cars it had been expecting to pick up the slack this year. The company in the last week or so has increased incentives on the Pontiac G6 and the Buick LaCrosse as a result of sluggish sales, and has prepared to scale back production at the factory that assembles the G6. GM recently told workers at its plant in Orion, Mich., that it is reducing the number of cars it wants produced each hour and delaying the start of a second shift of production until after the company's annual plant shutdown in July. The company had planned to start the second shift in the spring. Paul Ballew, GM's executive director of market and industry analysis, said production is ramping up slowly at the plant because not all versions of the G6 are in the market yet, such as a model with a four-cylinder engine. "We don't get the coupes until the summer, and we don't get the convertible until after that," he said. "We've been delayed in bringing some of the the new versions of the G6 out." Mr. Ballew said G6 sales are "pretty good" but acknowledged they are "not off the charts." GM expects to sell about 6,000 G6s this month, up from about 4,000 last month, he said. The slow start of the G6 and LaCrosse sales comes at a difficult point for GM, the world's largest car maker. In 2004, GM lost market share and was forced to cut production as Japanese rivals such as Toyota Motor Corp. and Nissan Motor Co. posted substantially higher sales of mainstream cars. At the same time, luxury-car makers such as BMW AG are expanding further into midprice segments that GM once dominated. In January, GM said 2005 earnings would fall by about a third to between $4 and $5 a share, as a result of a $1 billion increase in health-care costs, a substantial loss in Europe and lower profit at its financing arm. It is also suffering from an aging line of pickup trucks and big sports-utility vehicles, such as the Chevy Suburban and GMC Yukon, that normally generate substantial profit. These sales are falling as GM prepares to launch new versions in 2006. The LaCrosse and especially the G6 were supposed to help smooth the ride in the meantime.

United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland

Great Britain is made up of three countries, England, Scotland and Wales. It is an island off the coast of north–west of Europe. Britain is part of the United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital is London. There are many different landscapes in Britain, from high mountains to rolling hill sand valleys. Places like Wales, the Lake District and northwest Scotland have high mountains and steep slopes made out of solid rocks. This landscape was made millions of years ago during the ice ages, when moving glaciers of ice made deep valleys, steep mountain slopes and long lakes. The southern and eastern parts of Britain are made up of smaller rocks that have weathered and become fertile farmland. The highest point is Ben Nevis – 1343 metres above sea level and the lowest point is Holme Fen – 3 metres below sea level. The population is 57,970,200 people, the population density at 239 people per square km. 92% of British people live in urban areas while only 8% live in rural areas. Great Britain is completely surrounded by sea, isolating it from the rest of Europe. No part of Britain is far from the sea, which is an important resource for fishing, tourism and ports. Britain†s rivers provide drinking water for towns, and irrigate farmers† crops. However rivers can cause floods. The northern and western portions are mountainous. The highlands – the Pennine Chain, forms the backbone of northern England. Rolling plains occupy most of central and eastern England. The western part of the central region is known as the Midlands. To the east lies The Fens, a marsh area. To the south, an elevated plateau slopes upward. The terrain of Scotland is mountainous but is divided into three regions, from north to south: the Highlands, the Central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands. The Highlands occupy more than a half of Scotland, the most rugged region on the island of Great Britain. Wales has an irregular coastline and many bays; the biggest is Cardigan Bay. Except for narrow and low coastal areas, mainly in the south and west, Wales is mostly mountainous. Great Britain has quite cool summers and mild winters. The weather changes from day to day. The climate is temperate – the country does not have long periods when it is hot or cold. Western parts of Britain receive more rain and snow during the year than south and east. This is because southwesterly winds bring water from the Atlantic Ocean to the west, which falls as rain where it meets the mountains on land. There are large amounts of water in this area and a shortage in the south and the east. Britain†s climate is getting warmer. Average temperatures have risen 0.5 °c since 1850. This is enough to start the polar ice caps melting. If the ice caps continue to melt, large areas of southern and eastern England will be permanently flooded. The mean annual temperature ranges between 11.1 °c in the south and 8.9 °c in the northeast. Fogs, mists, and overcast skies are frequent, particularly in the inland regions. Like the climate of the rest of Great Britain, Scotland is influenced by the surrounding seas. As a result, extreme changes are rare and temperate winters and cool summers are the major climate features. Low temperatures are common in the winter season. Precipitation ranges from about 3810mm annually in the western Highlands to about 635mm annually in eastern areas. The climate of Wales, is a lot like England†s, it is mild and moist. Annual rainfall changes with elevation, ranging from about 762 mm in coastal regions to more than 2540 mm in the Snowdon massif. As a result of the relative warmth of the nearby seas, England has a moderate climate. Precipitation is heaviest during October, it averages about 760 mm annually in most of England. England has some agricultural and mineral resources but must rely on imports of both. Approximately two-fifths of the land area is arable, and the richest soils are found in the east. The soil is generally rocky and infertile, except for that of the Central Lowlands. Much of the soil of Wales is of infertile rocky or leached types. The most fertile soils are in the southeast and in a few coastal areas. Only about 8.5% of Britain land is forested, and half of this was planted forty years ago. Britain†s natural forest cover has been cut down over hundreds of years, especially in the 18th and 19th century. The most common species of trees indigenous to Scotland are oak and conifers mainly fir, pine, and larch. Large forested areas are rare, and woodlands are in the southern and eastern Highlands. Vegetation in the elevated regions consists largely of heather, ferns, mosses, and grasses. Practically all of the cultivated plants of Scotland were imported from America and Europe. More than 3/4 of the land is used for agriculture; farming and grazing occupy the same amount of land. The most important crops are wheat, oats, and potatoes. Other crops include barley, turnips, and fruit. Wales has ferns and mosses in low-lying, wet areas. Grasslands are mainly at higher elevations. Crops include barley, oats, potatoes, and hay. Less than 10% of the land is under cultivation, and about 40% are in grazing land. Forests cover only about 4% of the land, but government reforestation programs are increasing in the area. England used to be heavily forested, mainly oak and beech in the lowlands and pine and birch in the mountains. Woodlands now make-up less than 4% of the total land area. Many types of fruit trees grow in England, including the cherry, apple, and plum trees. Gorse is a common shrub. Many varieties of wildflowers also grow here. During the eighteenth century, Britain gained an empire by colonising parts of North America, Africa and Asia. By the nineteenth century, England was bringing back much wealth from these colonies. The trade in slaves and other goods from the colonies supplied the money to build the factories and the machines of Britain†s Industrial Revolution. The country developed heavy industries like coal mining, iron and steel manufacturing, engineering and shipbuilding. However in the twentieth century other countries revolutionised and began to compete with Britain in the overseas markets – so British exports declined. From the 1950†³s on, many former Britain colonies in Africa and Asia became independent and made their own industries, this affecting Britain†s imports and exports. All over Britain factories, mills etc closed. By the 1990†³s the worst of the decline had finished and Britain began to concentrate on new hi-tech and service industries. In the last 25 years, microelectronics has become one of the fastest growing sectors of Britain industry. It is a new phase of industrial growth which scientists call re-industrialisation. The future for Britain as a manufacturing nation looks good and it depends on whether it can develop and specialise in hi-tech industries such as aerospace, computers, electronics, telecommunications and biotechnology. The private car is the most popular form of transport for most British people. The British rail company is becoming more modernised – with new high-speed rail services. Air transport in Britain is also important and very popular. The British industry is now more efficient and competitive in the world markets because of the government†s actions of new industrial growth in depressed areas and growth of service industries – in financial, shopping and transport. Telecommunications are administered by British Telecom. 29.5 million telephones were in use in the mid-1980s, giving Britain one of the world's largest telecommunications systems. In the 1980s 15 commercial program companies gave the television on a basis; satellite-broadcasting services have also been introduced. Four television channels are broadcasted at the moment and soon a fifth. 50 commercial firms in the main cities run local radio stations. 124 daily and Sunday newspapers and more than 1000 weekly newspapers are published in Great Britain. 15 London newspapers circulate nationwide, and 6 of them have daily circulations of more than 1 million. Britain is a constitutional monarchy – the queen is the head of the state but politics is controlled by their parliament. There are two houses of Parliament – The House of Commons – who are elected by the public and The House of Lords – made up of peers. The main British political parties are Labour, Conservative and Liberal Democrat. There are also Welsh and Scottish parties who want to be separate from England. The political party system has existed since the 17th century. Several parties win seats in Commons, but Great Britain has worked as a two-party system for more than a century. The majority party forms His or Her Majesty's Government, and the second party is officially known as His or Her Majesty's Own Loyal Opposition. The opposition leader is paid a salary from public funds for that role. Britain has a long history as a great political and powerful country. Britain is trying to rebuild its economy by regaining its political importance. Great Britain is primarily an industrial and commercial nation. It has major industries like transportation, communications, steel, petroleum, coal, gas and electricity. It is a world leader in international trade, it imports foodstuffs and materialism, and exports finished and manufactured goods. Gross Domestic Product – $1,018,000,000,000 (US) Gross Domestic Product per capita – $17,690 (US) Money – pound sterling. One pound = 100 pence. Chief Economic Products – agriculture, fishing, mining, manufacturing. Employment Breakdown – 58% Trades and Services 2% Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing Education is very important to everyone in Britain. All children have to go to school once they turn five, and must attend till they turn sixteen. Two education systems exist – one is free and funded by the government and the other is private where parents pay school fees for children†s education. Students can continue their education at colleges at higher levels or universities – there are 46 universities. The government is trying to encourage more students to go into higher education. Religion – The Church of England has the most members, 54%, in Great Britain. Most members, however, live in England. The second biggest religion, is the Roman Catholic Church (13%). Catholics are spread throughout the country. Other religions include Protestantism (which includes the religions of Wales and Scotland), Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, and Sikhism. Health – General physicians in Great Britain are part of the National Health Service, although some also have private patients. The service provides full, free medical care to all people. Family Life – Most British people live in houses and 15% live in flats. In the last five years many people have been moving out of towns and cities to live in the countryside because of the urban problems like crime, traffic and air pollution.

How Vampirism Is Depicted in Dracula by Stoker and I Am a Legend by Richard Matheson Essay

Vampires are creatures that are believed to feed on flesh blood of living things and especially human beings. From the novels, vampires evolved from dead human beings and came back to life with more powers than them making them super humans. To understand vampires’ evolution, different myths were developed across the world. Ancient Persia recorded their first history as most Greek and Roman myths tried to expound further on their evolution. In the history recordings, vampires were depicted as huge creatures who struggled with human beings to feed on their blood. They further differed with human being in that; they could not age or contract diseases. Their immunity to diseases prevented them infections from human beings when they fed on their flesh and blood. Although many history recordings argued on traditional history, there existed some modern vampires that first appeared in Europe. In contrast, myths also recorded a different category of vampires whose origin was not from dead human beings but with temporal incarnation between humans and vampire. This category included blood thirsty goddesses, who were classified as Stinges, Lamiae and Empusae that fed on blood occasionally. Vampirism                  Vampirism can be defined as the act of feeding on flesh and blood of living things other than vampires. When feeding the blood of human beings, vampires bite the victims’ neck sucking out large volumes of blood. Through neck biting, they are able to injure the carotid artery, which is the major artery that transports blood to the brain hence paralyzing the victim and sucking the whole blood. Vampirism is regarded as a belief of one gaining supernatural powers and feeding on human beings blood in the folklore and popular culture. Stoker tried to expound on vampires by using them as characters in his book Dracula. In this book, Dracula, who is a vampire, is the main character. The author explained how the vampire had lived for many years, which was atypical for a normal human being. Similarly, Richard Matheson book was dominated by vampires who were created by infusion of viruses. Although people could be infected with vampirism virus, Matheson brings out the nature of immunity where one of his characters Robert Neville never contracted vampirism despite being infected. He was immune to the virus though he had unique human characteristics such as blond hair and blue eyes. Matheson described Neville as an educated medical researcher who concentrated on the research on vampirism only to find out that his blood was infected though immune to the virus. Vampires in the Text                  Stoker used different vampire characters to construct his book story. Dracula, the most dominant vampire in the story was described as the king by other characters such as Van Heslin. He was very powerful and he could control nature as well as living creatures such as wild animals. In addition, Dracula has the ability to incarnate to a bat, werewolf and change his victims into vampires through infections. His ability to hypnotize his victims gave him control over them and avoided being hurt by others. Despite his powerful nature, Dracula had a number of weaknesses as described herein. His powers were limited by reflecting him on reflective objects such as mirrors. This was evidenced when Jonathan tried to reflect his image on a shaving mirror. He lost his powers and became weak to the extent of being controlled by another person. Stoker emphasized in his book, despite the weakness, it was hard to fully destroy Dracula. More weaknesses emerged as holy symb ols and garlic repelled him and his sleep was on the fate of ancestors and the native land. He did not have ability to cross river, which water was following unless supported my men or the luck of the water. This showed how he could be controlled or destroyed in cases he became so dangerous. Matheson classified vampires in two categories, which included the dead and the living ones. Similarly, as Stokers described, he depicts vampires as being repulsive to garlic and holy symbols. For example, Christian vampires feared the cross as it was a sign of holiness. Matheson explained how Neville destroyed vampires by exposing them to sunlight, inflicting large wounds and staking them with wooden spike. Comparison between the Two Works                  Both authors acknowledged garlic and religious symbols as repellant to vampires. For example, Ruth recoiled violently when Neville handed garlic over her in Matheson book and Dracula when dining with Jonathan avoided feeding on garlic. In both texts, vampires relied on flesh and blood as their main food that strengthened them. For example, Dracula in the first paragraph almost attacks Jonathan when he cuts himself. Vampires are depicted feeding on blood by Matheson and he uses the phrase blood thirst to emphasize on their need of blood. Superstition is also another theme that was described in both books. Stocker explained how Van Helsing and Seward followed the garlic superstitions from the old country where they were believed to ward off spirits by protecting themselves by them. Religious symbols such as bread and cross represented Christ and his Body (stoker 123). Despite Neville’s ability to destroy vampires, he still used garlic to protect himself strengthening the theme of superstitions in the text. Both authors described vampirism as contagious from vampires to normal people. People who survived attack by vampires were infected through bites and insects. For example, Neville was infected by vampirism and his immune ability prevented him from transformation to vampire. In both books, vampires appeared to be enemies of the normal people. In I Am a Legend, the human race was insignificant as most of them were destroyed and killed by vampires. Moreover, Neville struggles with vampires and kill most of his encounters at nights. Stoker explained how Helsing had lived wanting to conquer and destroy the Dracula and how people continuously warned him and Jonathan against close association with the monster Dracula. The conspiracy, fights, and killings between vampires and the normal human beings is an evidence of enmity between the two races. In both books, vampires’ body circulations were totally different from those of normal human beings. For example, when Neville killed a woman vampire for research in Matheson’s book, he found that her body contained rows of salt and pepper mixed the same ratios (Matheson 60). Similarly, Stoker explained how vampirism victims could not be transfused with blood from normal people and their fate was solely on supernatural powers to heal them. On the other hand both books described contrasting characters on vampire and discussed below. Vampires described by Stoker were difficult to destroy and kill and were only destabilized by refection. On contrary, vampires described by Matheson were easily killed by exposure of sunlight and infliction of wound that were staked. According to stoker, vampires were as a result of the work with supernatural evil spirits that were connected to dead. In contrast, Matheson wrote that vampires were created by infusion of microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Matheson described the evolution and development of vampires as progressive. That is, they grew from young to strong creatures that mutated at some points and they could spend some times in the sun. Stoker described vampires’ development as retrogressive, growing from old weak creature to young strong creature through feeding of blood. Stoker work was based on religious beliefs and his main aim was to strengthen and restore r eligious faith in the society. He did this by creating a scenario where vampires who were believed to be evil became afraid of holy symbols and supreme powers. It was learnt from the text that, vampires feared holy waters and for that reasons people could protect themselves from them. Dracula represented devil and this was expressed more by name of his home in London, Piccadilly. The word appears to be close to the word peccadillo â€Å"a slight offence† or sin (Merriam-Webster 530). Matheson work in contrary was not based on spirituality. His entire book denounces the interrelationship between God and humanity as evidenced by Neville when he did not depend on invisible beings when trying to destroy and kill vampires. He was more dependent on his vampire research, which was facilitated by his medical research career. According to science, the reliance on invisible being appears absurd and science does not validate it. In both books, the concepts of vampirism indicate the wickedness of humankind as it is concerned with termination of life and shedding of blood. This is against the societies norms and values and the books were written to address the evils. Matheson brought out vampires in his book as unique and modified enabling them to be more alluring to the intended target audience. This was contradictory to those in Stoker’s book where they were depicted as monsters of devil’s associates thus attracting believers as the main audience. This would help the believers appreciate the mighty power of God that made devil afraid as evidence by Dracula avoiding religious symbols. On the other hand, the target audiences for Matheson work are mainly non-believers as most of the characters such as Neville were never afraid of super beings or supernatural powers. He uses the assumption that the doctoring of individuals affects what they fear and what they do not (Matheson123). Neville discovered the reflective character of vampires in Matheson book, which was opposed to those described by Stoker (Matheson 16). In the book, I Am a Legend, Neville searches a scientific cure for vampirism from his blood due to its immunity unique character on vampirism. Although his initial trials to heal vampires had aborted, he continued to search for a solution ceaselessly. Fortunately, he found the cure, which could depress the vampires thirst for blood thus reducing their threats on human beings. This was the not the case in the text of Dracula. Vampires in both books appear as creatures, societies uphold their beliefs and norms without permitting vampires to despise them. Despite the vampires being hostile to people, they struggled to push the out of the society and denounced their evil deed across the society through eliminating them. Society struggled to push Dracula out of the society but his unnatural power defended him and the society attempts were in vain. Their fear of evil spirits prevented them from his attack and instead hoped for a savior who will come for their help. The society saw Helsing as their savior and their belief in God. He was a well-learned doctor who had an open mind and thus was probable the person to save them (Stoker 109). The two books targeted the evils in the society by addressing them and trying to bring people closer to a supreme being, God. Perhaps, the society was full of evils at the time of writing and so it was necessary to address the issues through text. It can also be assumed that, people used texts or books to learn most of the things in the societies and thus there was need to use the medium to communicate exclusively to the people. From the fact that Christianity (Church) was evident in the texts, the authors revolved their writings around it acknowledging God as the protector of human race from all sources of evils such as vampires in the book society. The individuals were protected by religious artifacts that was evidenced by possession of religious symbols by Helsing had religious items such as holy waters, which helped to protect the society from evils. Matheson described Neville as having tattoo of a cross which served as vampire repellant thus to some extent having religious belie fs. Not much was explained in the about Christianity and the church. Some of the people in the society were enlightened and had both scientific knowledge and religious beliefs to deal with the evils associated with the vampires. The authors of the books were skilled and considered perception of the people when writing so that they could be able reach and impact on the people’s ways of life. For a typical author, he or she must be able to understand his or her audience in order to deliver a relevant message and in an appropriate way without provoking them. Matheson and Stoker used this aspect and combined it with the knowledge of vampires and their attitude in the society. The use of vampires in both books was fundamental as they depicted the evils in the modern that are caused by various abnormalities as Matheson explained one of the cause to be the second world war. Therefore, by use of reality and fiction, the authors were able to prove their worthiness in literature and society. Conclusion                  Both books used vampires to deliver their messages to the respective societies. They depicted societies that were full of hostilities and blood spilling between vampires and normal human race. Although the vampires in both books had common characteristics such as feeding on human blood, they exhibited slight differences on their evolution and development. The books attracted varied audiences with Dracula attracting audience of vampires who knew Dracula as the best vampire in history. The books addressed the political views of the time with Stocker in being more concerned on Europe where the church was prominent in the political scene with believers as rulers such kings and queens. In the Matheson book, the issue of the world war was described as politically influenced and depicted how mankind would be swept off on earth by stronger weapons than nuclear if wars were to recur. References Dunnigan, James F. How to Make War. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 2003. Print Matheson, Richard. I am Legend. New York: Tom Doherty Associates, LLC, 1954. Print Stoker, Bram, and Leonard Wolf, ed. The Annotated Dracula. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. Publisher, 1975. Print Source document

The advantages and disadvantages Essay Example

The advantages and disadvantages Essay Example The advantages and disadvantages Essay The advantages and disadvantages Essay Citigroup may find many advantages of entering joint venture arrangements with Chinese partners. First the banking Chinese market is a restricted one and Citigroup cant enter many branches of banking activities. A joint venture is a way to allow them to penetrate those new markets with a minimal cost. The specific importance of guanxi in China is another argument in favor of this agreement since a joint venture can help acquiring these connections. On the other hand a joint venture can help making a positive impression on the POBC since it shows that the company wants to build relationships within the country and that it is here to last and to implement in the long-term. A joint venture can also help providing staff from local population more easily. For the retail business, a joint venture may be helpful for building a broad customer base thanks to Chinese banks ones which can help the targeting of Citigroups customers. In general a joint venture with a Chinese company allows the foreign company to understand better the ins and outs of the question. But some disadvantages may appear if the decision is taken to build a joint venture with a Chinese bank. First Citigroup has very few experiences in building a joint venture (only two, in Hungary and in Saudi Arabia) and it was only when forced by central banks authorities. That means that they might not be able to manage such an endeavor, in particularly since they have to deal with the specific Chinese culture and customs. Then we can see that in the case of a joint venture between Citigroup and a Chinese bank, the contribution of each partner would be unequal. Citigroup is efficient, hasstrong brand equity, and is known as very successful worldwide. The Chinese banks, on the opposite, have to be reformed since they have a lot of bad loans, they must support inefficient state-owned companies, and the government wants to control them. Even if the entry of China in WTO would force the government to let them go and to open markets, it would be very expensive for Citigroup to repair a wrecked bank1. The banking activity is very different from the industrial activities that usually use joint ventures to enter the Chinese market. And there seems to be no appropriate Chinese partner for a joint venture. Citigroup can effectively enter the Chinese market, but it needs to take care about a few important elements. It is, as we know, a strong financial institution, but the Chinese market is a very particular one. Whenever we go, we need to know the local culture and the business we are getting into. Knowing the way business works and how people think at it, is very important, and Citigroup put a big effort on trying to understand Chinas practices and the way people from there act when doing business. This is the reason why we strongly believe that they can have success, but only if they continue to commit some jobs to locals and train their best managers on-site. This will make their business healthier and more efficient. The question, anyway, is unfortunately not answered yet. Will this strong effort on local people be enough for them? Of course not. This is an important variable in the game, but not the only one. As we know, China is a mixed economy close to the extreme of command or centrally planned economy2, so it is very difficult to get state permissions to open businesses in the country. Citigroup, anyway, got it, but now it has to face with some challenges. China is going through a transition, so it is important for managers to understand the direction and the speed of change and how their own industry will be affected by these changes. Even if Chinese growth has been far stronger than for other countries in transition, China has maintained totalitarian political control while loosening the economic one, and a major challenge is privatizing SOEs. The companys success so, will also depend from the liberalization pace. To work properly and in the best way Citigroup needs really open markets. Its products, financial servies, can have a very huge market in China but, as everybody knows, the more open are the markets, the more competitive can the company become. This element let us think, especially if we consider that Chinas pension system is largely unfunded, corruption is widespread and the country rates very low in the Opacity Index and even worst in the Transparency Index, in which it is rated worst than Nigeria3! Moreover, the company allocated a lot of resources on e-business, but this is not really the best thing to do in a market like the Chinese one. The big number of restrictions on telecommunications and Internet let it be a waste of resources for the company, that pushed on this investments from an international perspective. This wont be a competitive advantage in the short term, period in which they have to rely on th one side on guanxchi and Joint Ventures that, as also the companys managers said, give to the institution short-term advantage, but not long-term benefits, and on acquisitions (their favourite strategy between the two) on the other side. The short-term objectives, anyway, are not the only one to be considered. Citigroup has got the WTO on its side. The WTO membership forced China to open its financial system to foreign corporations and, even with some hesitation, China is opening more and more its borders to foreign companies. Another reason for the possible future companys success is the fact that Chinese companies can learn a lot from Citigroup, copying its way of doing business and trying to achieve specific skills that nobody else have, so they will not strive for eliminate a company that can give them such an innovation. Some critics say that to achieve complete success in china and Compete more effectively within the market the Communist party should be advocated to an end. Maybe this will be impossible in the short term and, even if it could be useful, we dont think it will be necessary. Citigroups long-term objecives, then, summarized in the concept of expansion in China, can be achieved from the company just by moving slowly and following the Chinese market step by step. Despite the market situation and darkness, there are absolutely good elements that let us think at Citigroup as successful in competing with Chinese financial institutions. 4. Present and defend your recommendations in regard to a strategy for Citigroup. Citigroup wants to enter the Chinese market to expand its product line and market share, but before starting with that the company needs a deep analysis of the market in which it wants to operate.

Tiempos de demora para la green card por familia

Tiempos de demora para la green card por familia Actualmente, el tiempo de demora para sacar la tarjeta de residencia permanente en Estados Unidos por peticià ³n de un ciudadano estadounidense o de un residente permanente legal varà ­a de entre seis meses a 23 aà ±os, aproximadamente. El tiempo de demora depende de quià ©n realiza la peticià ³n, a quià ©n pide y la nacionalidad del pedido. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre los parentescos y cà ³mo afectan a las demoras para la tarjeta, tambià ©n conocida como green card, cules son actualmente los tiempos de demora para cada una de las categorà ­as de peticià ³n por familia y, finalmente, se seà ±alan advertencias que deben tenerse en cuenta. Categorà ­as de familiares y cà ³mo afectan a demoras de green card Segà ºn las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos hay dos grandes categorà ­as de familiares: En primer lugar, los familiares inmediatos de ciudadanos estadounidenses, que son à ºnicamente sus padres, cà ³nyuge e los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os. En segundo lugar, se encuentran todas las dems personas que pueden ser pedidas por un familiar, es decir: hijos de ciudadanos casados de cualquier edadhijos de ciudadanos solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os,hermanos de ciudadanosesposos de residentes permanenteshijos solteros de residentes permanentes menores de 21 aà ±oshijos solteros de residentes permanentes mayores de 21 aà ±os Para los primeros, es decir, para los familiares inmediatos de ciudadanos no hay là ­mites en el nà ºmero de tarjetas de residencia que se pueden aprobar por aà ±o fiscal. Por lo tanto, se tramitan inmediatamente todas las peticiones que recibe USCIS. La demora responde simplemente a lo que necesita para la tramitacià ³n. En otras palabras, en lo que se tarda en obtener la aprobacià ³n del formulario I-130 y, una vez que se tiene, en lo que se demora el ajuste de estatus, si la persona pedida est en Estados Unidos y puede hacerlo o en la tramitacià ³n consular, si est en otro paà ­s o no puede ajustar su estatus. Todos los dems familiares para los que se puede pedir los papeles tienen fijado un là ­mite anual mximo de aprobaciones por aà ±o, que est dividido por categorà ­as: hijos solteros de ciudadanos mayores de 21 aà ±os: 23.400 green cards anuales.familiares de residentes permanentes: 114.200 divididos en dos subcategorà ­as;hijos casados: 23.400 green cards anualeshermanos de ciudadanos un total de 65.000.   Como el nà ºmero de peticiones en cada una de esas categorà ­as es superior al de tarjetas de residencia permanentes disponibles cada aà ±o se produce un  atasco que se hace ms grande aà ±o tras aà ±o. Esto en la prctica quiere decir que una vez que se obtiene la aprobacià ³n del I-130, que es el documento con el que se empezà ³ todo el proceso, la peticià ³n espera mientras le llega su turno. Por à ºltimo, existe el problema cada aà ±o fiscal ningà ºn paà ­s se puede llevar ms de un determinado porcentaje del total de peticiones aprobadas. La consecuencia de esto es que paà ­ses con un alto nà ºmero de peticiones de papeles por familia, como es el caso de China, India, Filipinas o Mà ©xico, tienen retrasos en las tramitaciones mayores a los de nacionales de otros paà ­ses. Demora en peticià ³n de ciudadano americano para su cà ³nyuge Cabe destacar que es posible pedir los papeles tanto en el caso de matrimonio entre una mujer y un varà ³n como entre dos personas del mismo sexo. Lo importante es que sea vlido segà ºn las leyes del lugar en el que se ha celebrado.. Adems, destacar que en algunos casos si el cà ³nyuge extranjero est ilegalmente en Estados Unidos podr arreglar su situacià ³n mediante ajuste de estatus. Pero no siempre es posible. Si se ha ingresado al paà ­s cruzando ilegalmente la frontera hay un problema grave que no soluciona el simplemente casarse con un ciudadano.   Para determinar  cunto tiempo dura la peticià ³n de esposo de ciudadano, hay que tener en cuenta que se tramitan dos situaciones distintas, en primer lugar la peticià ³n per se, es decir el I-130.Como regla general se est demorando entre uno y seis meses, dependiendo del centro al que le corresponde. Una vez que se obtiene su aprobacià ³n, empieza una segunda tramitacià ³n. Si el cà ³nyuge del ciudadano est en EE.UU. y puede ajustar su estatus puede recibir un permiso de trabajo mientras espera por la green card. Por el contrario, si est fuera de EE.UU., despuà ©s de obtener la aprobacià ³n del I-130 se sigue lo que se conoce como procedimiento consular. La demora media para el ajuste de estatus y el procedimiento consular est entre tres y seis meses. Es decir, todo el procedimiento desde presentacià ³n de la peticià ³n a green card est llevando, en general, entre seis y 12 meses. Cabe destacar que hay que ser sumamente cuidadoso a la hora de casarse con un ciudadano cuando se tiene visa o condicià ³n de turista y a continuacià ³n se solicita la green card, ya que hay unas reglas que, de incumplirse, podrà ­a dar lugar a que no se pudiera arreglar los papeles, a pesar de tratarse de un matrimonio real, y no uno celebrado fraudulentamente con el à ºnico fin de conseguir los papeles. Finalmente destacar que todas las tarjetas de residente que se obtienen por matrimonio y antes de cumplir los dos aà ±os de casados son condicionales. Un divorcio podrà ­a dar lugar a que no pueda convertirse en permanente. Peticià ³n de ciudadano para hijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os Estos hijos tambià ©n son considerados por Inmigracià ³n como familiares inmediatos y la tramitacià ³n de estas peticiones es relativamente rpida. En la actualidad se est demorando entre seis meses y un aà ±o como regla general. En estas peticiones es fundamental entender quà © pasa cuando la persona para la que se piden los papeles cumple  la edad de 21 aà ±os. Peticiones de ciudadano para su padre o sumadre Estas peticiones son tambià ©n rpidas y en la actualidad se estn demorando entre seis y 12 meses. Cabe destacar que tener un hijo ciudadano no da a los padres automticamente ningà ºn derecho migratorio. Los hijos ciudadanos solamente pueden pedir a sus padres cuando ya han cumplido los 21 aà ±os de edad y tienen recursos econà ³micos suficientes para patrocinar. Adems, si los padres estn como indocumentados en EE.UU. e ingresaron al paà ­s cruzando ilegalmente la frontera no van a poder ajustar su estatus. En estos casos, antes de iniciar la peticià ³n es importante informarse del castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os y de posibles perdones y las posibilidades reales de obtenerlos. Peticià ³n de ciudadano para su hijo casado de cualquier edad En las peticiones de green card para un familiar, a las peticiones de ciudadanos a hijos casados de cualquier edad se les conoce como F3. En esta categorà ­a, en la actualidad, la tramitacià ³n se est demorando aproximadamente 23 aà ±os para el caso de personas pedidas originarias de Mà ©xico y 12 aà ±os para resto de latinoamericanos y espaà ±oles. Las actualizaciones pueden verificarse consultando el boletà ­n de visas que actualiza cada mes el Departamento de Estado. Cada persona debe saber su fecha de prioridad. Peticiones de ciudadano para hijos solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os Esta categorà ­a se conoce como F1. En la actualidad, se est demorando unos 22 aà ±os para el caso de Mà ©xico y aproximadamente 7 aà ±os para el resto de Latinoamà ©rica y Espaà ±a. Peticiones de ciudadanos para sus hermanos Inmigracià ³n califica a los hermanos de ciudadanos como F4. Esta es una de las categorà ­as que ms demora tiene, estando en la actualidad en torno a 20 aà ±os para el caso de mexicanos y de 13 aà ±os para resto de latinoamericanos y espaà ±oles. Cabe destacar que entre los requisitos para solicitar los papeles para los hermanos est el haber cumplido ya los 21 aà ±os de edad.   Peticiones de residentes para sus cà ³nyuges Son calificados por Inmigracià ³n como F2A. Los tiempos de tramitacià ³n son, aproximadamente, de dos aà ±os tanto para el caso de mexicanos como de resto de latinoamericanos y espaà ±oles. Cabe destacar que los cà ³nyuges de residentes sà ³lo pueden ajustar su estatus si estn legalmente en Estados Unidos. Hay que tener esto muy claro por las posibles consecuencias que puede tener antes de presentar los papeles a USCIS. Peticiones de residentes para sus hijos solteros A diferencia de lo que ocurre con los ciudadanos, los residentes permanentes no pueden pedir a sus hijos casados. Y dentro de los solteros existen dos categorà ­as. La F2A, para menores de 21 aà ±os y la F2B, para mayores de dicha edad. Para los primeros los tiempos de demora son, aproximadamente, de dos aà ±os mientras que para los F2B la demora es de 11 aà ±os y medio para el caso de mexicanos y de 6 aà ±os y medio para el resto. Por à ºltimo, cabe destacar la ventaja que tienen los residentes si piden a hijos menores de 18 aà ±os. Y es que si viven con ellos en Estados Unidos y con una green card y son menores de dicha edad, y cualquiera de los padres se naturaliza, pues convierte en ciudadanos automticamente a los hijos  que reà ºnen  esas condiciones. Consejos: viajar, cambios de estatus y verificacià ³n estatus Un punto de gran importancia que aplica sà ³lo a los extranjeros que estn en Estados Unidos y pueden ajustar su estatus es que si quieren viajar fuera del paà ­s y luego regresar deben pedir un permiso que se conoce como advance parole. Si viajan sin dicho permiso podrà ­an tener problemas para el reingreso a EE.UU. y/o que su peticià ³n se paralice mientras estn fuera del paà ­s. Por otro lado, las personas para las que se piden los papeles y se encuentran en otro paà ­s muy raramente pueden obtener una visa americana para visitar Estados Unidos mientras dura la tramitacià ³n de sus papeles. En otro orden de cosas, en el caso de peticiones hechas por residentes para cà ³nyuges e hijos conviene examinar si es ventajoso pedir la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n durante el proceso, si es posible y cà ³mo notificar el cambio al USCIS si efectivamente el residente que envià ³ la solicitud se ha convertido en ciudadano durante el trmite. Finalmente, para acabar este artà ­culo se recomienda tener a mano este listado de telà ©fonos y pginas web en los que es posible verificar el estatus del caso y otra informacià ³n relevante para los migrantes. Puntos Clave: demora en peticiones de green card por familia Hay grandes diferencias en lo que se demora sacar la green card por familia, dependiendo de si el que solicita los papeles es ciudadano o residente permanente y tambià ©n del grado de parentesco entre solicitante y persona pedida. Estos son, actualmente, los tiempos de demora aproximados.Cà ³nyuge, padre, madre o hijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os de ciudadano: de 4 a 12 mesesHijo casado de ciudadano: 23 aà ±os caso de mexicanos, 12 para el restoHijo soltero de ciudadano mayor de 21 aà ±os: 22 aà ±os para mexicanos, 7 aà ±os para resto.Hermano de ciudadano: 20 aà ±os para mexicanos, 13 aà ±os para el restoCà ³nyuges de residentes permanentes: 2 aà ±osHijos solteros de residentes permanentes menores de 21 aà ±os: 2 aà ±osHijos solteros de residentes permanentes mayores de 21 aà ±os: 12 aà ±os en el caso de mexicanos y 6 aà ±os y medio para el resto. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

The 10 Commandments, Die Zehn Gebote in German

The 10 Commandments, Die Zehn Gebote in German Martin Luther wrote a well-known version of die zehn Gebote. The English Ten Commandments are from the King James version of the Bible (Exodus 20:7-17). Das Erste Gebot, the First Commandment Ich bin der Herr, dein Gott. Du sollst keine anderen Gà ¶tter haben neben mir.I am the Lord God. Thou shalt have no other Gods before me. Das Zweite Gebot, the Second Commandment Du sollst den Namen des Herrn, deines Gottes, nicht missbrauchen.Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. Das Dritte Gebot, The Third Commandment Du sollst den Feiertag heiligen.Thou shalt remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Das Vierte Gebot, the Fourth Commandment Du sollst deinen Vater und deine Mutter ehren.Thou shalt honor thy father and thy mother. Das Fà ¼nfte Gebot, the Fifth Commandment Du sollst nicht tà ¶ten.Thou shalt not kill. Das Sechste Gebot, the Sixth Commandment Du sollst nicht ehebrechen.Thou shalt not commit adultery. Das Siebte Gebot, the Seventh Commandment Du sollst nicht stehlen.Thou shalt not steal. Das Achte Gebot, the Eighth Commandment Du sollst nicht falsch Zeugnis reden wider deinen Nchsten.Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor. Das Neunte Gebot, the Ninth Commandment Du sollst nicht begehren deines Nchsten Haus.Thou shalt not covet thy neighbors house. Das Zehnte Gebot, the Tenth Commandment Du sollst nicht begehren deines Nchsten Weib, Knecht, Magd, Vieh noch alles, was dein Nchster hat. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbors wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his cattle, nor anything that is thy neighbors. Sources 2. Mose - Kapitel 20. Die Zehn Gebote, Bibel-Online, 1996. Exodus. Holy Bible, King James Version. Chapter 20, King James Bible Online, 2019.

Are plastic bags posing a great threat to our environmentsolutions to Dissertation

Are plastic bags posing a great threat to our environmentsolutions to plastic bags recycling - Dissertation Example The material from which plastic bags are made, in particular polyethylene, is toxic and contaminates soil and vegetation when improperly disposed of. Making matters worse, recycling plastic bags is problematic because they cannot be recycled together with other recyclable material and when they are recycled they can only be recycled into non-recyclable products. It would therefore appear that the solution to the environmental threats posed by plastic bags is to ban them altogether. However, when one considers the low cost of producing plastic bags and their convenience to shoppers together with the economic opportunities for plastic bag producers, it is worth considering whether or not more resources and efforts should be put into recycling plastic bags. This research study conducts a cost-benefit analysis of the feasibility of recycling plastic bags. Thus this research study will analyze the environmental threats posed by plastic bags, the feasibility of banning or recycling plastic bags and other feasible waste management alternatives. A survey is conducted in which 50 shoppers over the age of 18 participate in a questionnaire calculated to determine how often they receive plastic bags, what they do with them and whether or not they are amenable to purchasing and using reusable bags. The results of the survey are discussed. Table of Contents Abstract 2 I.Introduction 4 II.Research Questions 5 A.Primary Research Question 5 B.Secondary Research Questions 5 III.Statement of the Problem 6 IV.Significance of the Study 6 V.Aims and Objectives of the Study 7 VI.Research Methodology 7 VII.Literature Review 8 A.The Environmental Threats associated with Plastic Bags 9 B.Appropriate Policy Responses to the Environmental Threats of Plastic Bags 11 C.Recycling as a Solution to the Environmental Threats Associated with Plastic Bags 12 VIII.Data Results and Analysis 14 A.Results 14 B.Analysis 15 IX.Conclusion 18 List of References 23 Are Plastic Bags Posing a Great Threat t o our Environment?: Solutions to Plastic Bags Recycling I. Introduction Trillions of plastic bags are used globally each year (Ramaswamy & Sharma, 2011). Plastic bags are made of polymer polyethylene and are non-biodegradable (Sharma, 2007). Plastic together with polyethylene waste is accumulating at an alarming rate and is increasingly threatening the environment in a variety of ways (Usha, Sangeetha, & Palaniswamy, 2011). Complicating matters, when plastic bags are recycled, they lose some of its strength and release toxins so that recycled bags have limited use once redistributed (Sharma, 2007). However, researchers have found that polyethylene, specifically low density polyethylene used in the production of plastic bags can be recycled into petrochemicals and used to produce new types of plastic products or turned into â€Å"refined fuels† (Achillas, Roupakias, Megalokonomos, Lappas, & Antonakou, 2007). Even so, plastic bags cannot usually be recycled with other recyclabl e material. Therefore resources must be committed to segregating plastic bags from the general recyclable trash. This takes time, money and manpower over and beyond that which is necessary for recycling the ordinary recyclable trash. In addition, when plastic bags are recycled into usable material, they can only be recycled into non-recyclable products (Reddy, 2011). Sustainable waste management of plastic is a growing global concern because some plastic and polyethylene take thousands of years to

Human Resources Training and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resources Training and Development - Essay Example My experience in lab industry has doubled my curiosity. The global presence of Abbott and its dedication for continuous research and development and the passion of Abbott people in 'turning Science into Caring, have made Abbott my choice. The company web site is the primary source to know about its training programs. In addition to it, the universities associated with Abbott training like Western Illinois University and other organizations are also useful. The online newspapers and magazine articles have proved very valuable. Basically, I study about the objectives of a particular training program and how it fills the skill gap meeting the requirements of the organization. Obviously the quality of the program depends on a number of factors like the structure, content, context and the experience of the trainer. I also collect the previous participants of a program. According to Stephen Fussell, senior vice president, Human Resources at Abbott, "It is not only a great place to launch a career, but also a place to build a lifelong career. From an on-line mentoring program, leadership training programs and a full tuition reimbursement program, Abbott has something for everyone." According to the recent trends, there are two major factors that influencing the workforce and work place in many of the US compani

The Usefulness of Cognitive Theories of Learning for Human Resource Essay

The Usefulness of Cognitive Theories of Learning for Human Resource Practitioner - Essay Example The paper tells that nowadays, senior managers tend to invest more money, time, and thought in the learning of their employees, and consider learning and development a strategic HR function Thus, it would be important to comprehend how and why learning takes place. Theories of workplace learning are placed into three main categories; these are psychological, socio-cultural and postmodern theories. Each view has different focus and contribution to different contexts. Various cognitive theories have been put forward including the Piaget developmental stage theory, the Bandura social cognitive theory, and Vysotsky and the Zone of proximal development. All these have a contribution to the development of employees and have been implemented at different levels. Cognitive theories of learning have enhanced employee productivity and effectiveness in most of the areas that they have been applied. Learning is a very important aspect of both individuals as well as organizational development. Le arning is a wide concept that has attracted several definitions from different individuals in different contexts. According to Wilson, learning is the process whereby knowledge, attitude or behavior is changed as a result of formal training and development, or transformation of informal experiences. Many assumptions have been proposed over the years to explain different cognitive approaches. The theories of three outstanding cognitive theorists including Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bandura explain some of the cognitive aspects that are very important when it comes to influencing the workforce in an organization. The development of a person has been a subject of intensive research by psychologists all across the world. One of the outstanding theories in this area is the Piaget developmental stage theory that helps us to understand behavioral development, especially at a young age. According to Piaget’s findings, there are four developmental stages that individuals go through, both o f which are relative to cognitive development. The first is the sensory-motor period in about the first two years when the child can only focus on physical interactions with their immediate environment. Next is the preoperational period from two to seven years old. During this stage, the child develops language skills and is able to think symbolically though still cannot think completely logical and empathetically. The period from seven to eleven years old is called concrete operational stage when the child becomes more rational to solve a simple problem and develops logical thought. The formal operational stage from adolescence through adulthood was Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development in children. The child/ adult develop the ability to think theoretically and formulate hypotheses. This theory was immensely influential on education research and policy during the 20th century.

Fifteen Questions on Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Fifteen Questions on Nursing - Essay Example Hospitals also report that they have had to turn away patients to other health facilities because they did not have enough staff to care for these patients (Hunt, 2009, p. 4). Hospitals have also been forced to consider contract nurses to fill in nursing shortages caused by turnovers; this often costs twice as much as nurses employed by the hospitals. Nurse turnover has also been known to increase shortage in staff which has then led to increases in the workload of the remaining nurses. This has then created high levels of stress and exhaustion during work and in turn, an increase in the probability of medical errors (Hunt, 2009, p. 4). Eventually, many nurses end up quitting and choosing other careers in order to get away from these difficult work conditions. High levels of nurse turnover have also created an unstable workplace which then has negatively affected the retention of other health professionals. The cost of recruiting, hiring, and training new nurses has been increased by high turnover rates. The hospitals have also found themselves hard up in trying to recruit new nurses because of the unfavourable stories shared by other nurses regarding the work conditions of the nursing profession (Hunt, 2009, p. 3). Accidents and absenteeism have also increased in incidence in the workplace. Accidents are caused by work stress and exhaustion. Reduced work enjoyment and fulfilment have also caused frequent absences. 2) Providing privacy for patients is an important consideration for health service planners and providers. What factors should be considered in regard to privacy when providing nursing care? There are various factors which must be considered with regard to privacy of patients in the provision of nursing care. First and foremost, nurses and patients sometimes do not clearly understand the difference between privacy and confidentiality. Not knowing what privacy and confidentiality makes a health provider likely to abuse such practices. Nurses sometimes do not know that privacy refers to the right of individuals to control access to their information; on the other hand, confidentiality refers to how nurses treat private information once it has been revealed to other people, including themselves (Erikson and Millar, 2005). This privacy is now difficult to protect because of the current practices of digital and electronic technology, including electronic health records. These forms of technology are more difficult to secure and as such securing the privacy of patients is also more difficult. Nurses and other health professionals may sometimes be careless in accessing information about their patients that they allow such information open to other health professionals who are not part of the patient’s care team, and to other individuals in the hospital (Erikson and Millar, 2005). The current practice of using electronic mails and charting is also vulnerable to errors with mails and messages being sent to the wrong party or bein g read by the wrong party, thereby violating the privacy of the patient. Electronic information can also be sent easily to other care providers and this limits the privacy of the patient, limiting his ability to prevent his personal and medical information from being shared to other health professionals (Erikson and Millar, 2005). Health professionals themselves have become complacent in their duty in securing their patient’

Winning Military Battle Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Winning Military Battle - Article Example The researcher has taken this research as an opportunity to study the results of the battlefield in relation to the leadership style. Different aspects of this research proposal are as follows: This study will be primarily based on secondary sources. This research will help to find out factors responsible for the success of a leader. The research has been designed in such a way that it meets all the research objectives set by the researcher. The first researcher tried to identify the area of research and set his objectives and aims from this research. The next step was to analyze various data collection tools and methods. In this particular research, researcher felt that the objectives can be meet the best with secondary research methods. Leadership is all about leading a group of people to a certain direction t accomplish common goals or achieve common objectives as chosen by the leader. A leader can influence his followers, motivate them to do certain tasks, bring people together and ensure the contribution of all his followers for the well-being of the overall community. Leadership can vary based on the controlling factors of the leaders. A leader can be from a political background, military, religious group, business, education and many others. The important factor is leaders’ ability to influence and motivate their followers. Leadership can be formal or informal. Leadership in an organization can be formal types where people are initially abiding to listen to their bosses whom they find good enough to follow later on. In informal leadership, a leader may not have any formal relationship with his followers, but they have influenced their leader and follow him. Leaders have an impact on the psychology of peo ple. They have the ability to provoke thoughts and ideas in the minds of people. A leader can be highly educated or with basic knowledge and practical approach. A leader can be result oriented or charismatic. He can develop role models for others to follow.  

Fifteen Questions on Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Fifteen Questions on Nursing - Essay Example Hospitals also report that they have had to turn away patients to other health facilities because they did not have enough staff to care for these patients (Hunt, 2009, p. 4). Hospitals have also been forced to consider contract nurses to fill in nursing shortages caused by turnovers; this often costs twice as much as nurses employed by the hospitals. Nurse turnover has also been known to increase shortage in staff which has then led to increases in the workload of the remaining nurses. This has then created high levels of stress and exhaustion during work and in turn, an increase in the probability of medical errors (Hunt, 2009, p. 4). Eventually, many nurses end up quitting and choosing other careers in order to get away from these difficult work conditions. High levels of nurse turnover have also created an unstable workplace which then has negatively affected the retention of other health professionals. The cost of recruiting, hiring, and training new nurses has been increased by high turnover rates. The hospitals have also found themselves hard up in trying to recruit new nurses because of the unfavourable stories shared by other nurses regarding the work conditions of the nursing profession (Hunt, 2009, p. 3). Accidents and absenteeism have also increased in incidence in the workplace. Accidents are caused by work stress and exhaustion. Reduced work enjoyment and fulfilment have also caused frequent absences. 2) Providing privacy for patients is an important consideration for health service planners and providers. What factors should be considered in regard to privacy when providing nursing care? There are various factors which must be considered with regard to privacy of patients in the provision of nursing care. First and foremost, nurses and patients sometimes do not clearly understand the difference between privacy and confidentiality. Not knowing what privacy and confidentiality makes a health provider likely to abuse such practices. Nurses sometimes do not know that privacy refers to the right of individuals to control access to their information; on the other hand, confidentiality refers to how nurses treat private information once it has been revealed to other people, including themselves (Erikson and Millar, 2005). This privacy is now difficult to protect because of the current practices of digital and electronic technology, including electronic health records. These forms of technology are more difficult to secure and as such securing the privacy of patients is also more difficult. Nurses and other health professionals may sometimes be careless in accessing information about their patients that they allow such information open to other health professionals who are not part of the patient’s care team, and to other individuals in the hospital (Erikson and Millar, 2005). The current practice of using electronic mails and charting is also vulnerable to errors with mails and messages being sent to the wrong party or bein g read by the wrong party, thereby violating the privacy of the patient. Electronic information can also be sent easily to other care providers and this limits the privacy of the patient, limiting his ability to prevent his personal and medical information from being shared to other health professionals (Erikson and Millar, 2005). Health professionals themselves have become complacent in their duty in securing their patient’

File Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

File - Assignment Example The standard of living is then advertised to the society. The society eventually takes up the new trends and starts to live them (Sandhusen, 12). This way, marketing delivers the standard of living to the society. The statement means that through marketing, other people are able to see value in a product that has been developed by another individual or firm. This is because; through marketing, the information related to the qualities, need and use of the product is passed on to others who may not have been aware of the existence of the product or its uses (Sandhusen, 47). This way, the value of the product is created in the minds of others. Exchange theory is a hypothesis postulating that social exchange builds human relationships through a tradeoff by the humans based on cost and benefit evaluations (Sandhusen, 17). Exchange theory is marketing’s most difficult task, since marketing must show the target audience how the product or service being marketed will benefit the audience in exchange of their monetary value. If marketing does not manage to show the target audience that the benefit conferred by the product or service is of equal value, then the target audience will not be persuaded to

A Person Who Has Succeeded In Life Essay Example for Free

A Person Who Has Succeeded In Life Essay It is lunch hour. A large restaurant located in the heart of Kuala Lumpur city is packed with regular customers. Waiters and waitresses are busy serving the customers. Outside the restaurant, the owner of the restaurant is seen arriving in a luxury car. After parking his car, he enters the restaurant and starts mingling with the customers. The humble man is none other than my beloved grandfather. My grandfather is a man of little education. He comes from a poor family. After attending primary school, he had to stop schooling due to poverty. As the eldest son of the family, he helped his father at his stall selling barbecued meats. Life was indeed difficult for him then. He had to get up early in the morning before dawn and go to the market together with his father to buy fresh chickens and ducks. Then, they returned home to slaughter them, prepare the meats and barbecue them. My grandfather was extremely interested in culinary skills. As a teenager, he was a fast learner and was able to prepare the meats as well as his father before long. One morning, my grandfather woke up early in the morning as usual. He assumed that everything would go on smoothly but little did he know that he had lost his father. When he went to wake his father up, there was no response from him. My grandfather panicked and called for an ambulance. When his father was sent to hospital, he was pronounced dead on arrival by a doctor. My grandfather was totally devastated by the sudden demise of his father. In the midst of his sadness, he knew he had to find strength to carry on. To earn a living, he had no alternative but to take over the stall that his father left behind. Using the small savings that he inherited from his father, he continued with the business. He learnt about finance from his own experience and whatever he could recall when he was with his father. He led a frugal lifestyle and only spent money when it was necessary. He was so thrifty that when he got married a few years later, his guests were only treated to rice and barbecued meats. He was industrious and saved as much money as he could. He kept his savings in a bank. After a couple of years, his diligence and modesty finally paid off he had saved enough money to open a restaurant. Thanks to his excellent management skills that he acquired earlier, his restaurant prospered and his business expanded. Apart from selling barbecued meats, he also sold other food such as chicken rice, economical meals, dim sum and a variety of noodles. Today, my grandfather is an extremely successful and well-established restaurateur. He often advises me to study hard and be a knowledgeable person in order to contribute to society in future. He also emphasises the virtues of diligence, frugality and honesty. I will not forget his advices for as long as I live because he is my role model.

Soft Versus Hard HRM

Soft Versus Hard HRM Established in 1964 under STO group, with its subsidiaries, JVs and associates, is a national leader in business. It has significant and focused interests in petroleum, cooking gas, construction materials (including cement and roofing material), medical supplies and pharmaceuticals, home appliances, electronic items, supermarket products and insurance. The company is geographically diverse with operations and developments throughout Maldives and operations in Singapore. The employees of the company should focus on the following aspects of the company; The company treats employees as valued assets and a source of competitive advantage through their commitment, adaptability, high quality skill and performance. If an employee gets late for the work, the employee will get a warning of not to repeat that, if the employee still does so, the company takes an action upon that employee, such as reducing salary or termination. The company has combination of both autocratic and democratic leadership styles. The company has a competitive pay structure, with appropriate performance related reward such as profit share. The company focuses on identifying the training and other employee development needs through appraisal systems. Practical application on Guests model of hard-Soft, Loose-Tight dimensions of HRM Soft versus hard HRM Storey (1989) labeled two approaches of hard HRM and soft HRM. The hard approach, rooted in manpower planning is concerned with aligning human resource strategy with business strategy, while the soft approach is rooted in the human relations school, has concern for workers outcomes and encourages commitment to the organisation by focusing on workers concerns. Soft HRM HRM and personnel/IR Practices with compares to 27 dimensions of Storys definitions Distinguishing between HRM and Personnel Management Personnel management is viewed as workforce centred and more operational in focus. Personnel managers recruit, select and carry out administrative procedures in accordance with managements requirements. They act as a bridge between the employer and the employee. As a result, personnel managers were seen as functional specialists rather than strategic managers and often had little power or status in the organisation. The personnel manager needed to understand the needs of the manager and the employee, and articulate those needs to both sides. HRM approach is in the management of people which can be seen as a radical new approach linked to strategy and viewing people as assets who need to be actively managed as part of the long-term interests of the organisation. HRM can be viewed as a radical integrated approach to the management of people in an organization and, as such, can be seen as a general management function. Where personnel managers can be viewed as specialists, HRM can be seen as the responsibility of all managers, particularly senior managers, and as such is proactive rather than reactive. Guest (1987) identifies the differences in his model The differences between personnel and human resource management Source: Guest (1987). Guest (1987) shows a model of HRM that is commitment based, which is distinct from compliance-based personnel management. According to Guest, HRM is: Linked to the strategic management of an organisation Seeks commitment to organisational goals Focuses on the individual needs rather than the collective workforce Enables organisations to devolve power and become more flexible Emphasizes people as an asset to be positively utilised by the organisation. Dimension Personnel and IR HRM Beliefs and assumptions 1 Contract Careful delineation of written contracts Aim to go beyond contract 2 Rules Importance of devising clear rules/ mutuality Can- do outlook; impatience with rule 3 Guide to management Action Procedures Business need 4 Behavior referent Norms/ custom and practice Values/mission 5 Managerial Task vis-à  -vis labor Monitoring Nurturing 6 Nature of relations Pluralist Unitarist 7 Conflict Institutionalized De-emphasized Strategic aspects 8 Key relations Labor management Customer 9 Initiatives Piecemeal Integrated 10 Corporate plan Marginal to Central to 11 Speed of decision Slow Fast Line Management 12 Management role Transactional Transformational leader 13 Key managers Personnel/ IR specialists General/business/line managers 14 Communication Indirect Direct 15 Standardization High (e.g. parity an issue) Low (e.g. parity not seen as relevant 16 Prized management skill Negotiation Facilitation Key levers 17 Selection Separate, marginal task Integrated, key-task 18 Pay Job evaluation (fixed grades) Performance-related 19 Conditions Separately negotiated Harmonization 20 Labor management Collective bargaining contracts Towards individual contracts Thrust of relations with stewards Regularized through facilities and training Marginalized (exception of some bargaining for change models) 22 Job categories and grade Many Few 23 Communication Restricted flow Increased flow 24 Job design Division of labor Teamwork 25 Conflict handling Reach temporary truces Manage climate and culture 26 Training development Controlled access to courses Learning companies Foci of attention for interventions Personnel procedures Wide ranging cultural structural and personnel strategies STO follows HRM process for their employees. The differences are as follows; The jobs were design according to the team work instead of Division of labour. Communication among employees was increased flow instead of restricted flow. Management role was transformational instead of transactional. So the decisions come from the top management. The speed of decision is fast because the decisions are done from the top management. Communications among line managers are direct, because of transformational hierarchy and the departments were connected through top management. Corporate plan of STO was centralize instead of Marginal. Training and development essential for the company, so it was based on learning companies. Role of Line Managers As a diversified company STO structure was made on 13 departmental managers. The main role of the departmental manager is to achieve companies goals. They should maintain all of things on behalf of an organisation. A line manager has become even a leader at their day to day behavior. Ensuring higher performance by the employees and finding ways to motivate the employees and make them efficient is also is a line managers duty now. Because of this the traditional tasks of line manages has been changed and now they have more important tasks on their hand such as, Create a friendly environment for the employees Advise the employees when needed Understanding the needs of employees Improving performance of employees and organization There are some roles of HR manager by which they run an organisation. Planning, resourcing and retention: A line manager should know the number of staffs is working in the department and who are busier, and which department need more people. For example pharmacists are very busy at Saturday and Sunday on the STO pharmacy. So managers of pharmacy need more staff for these weekend day. He will take decision for taking or recruiting people. This is the planning and resourcing role for line manager. Retention is a vital role for line manager. If there was a new recruited staff, the line manager have to monitor and know are they happy for their time being. Recruitment and selection: Recruiting a right people to the right place is a major duty of the line manager, especially the HR manager. He should follow the rules and policy of recruiting qualified people by checking their productivity and enthusiastic and good behaviour for achieving the companies goals. Training and development: In order to get the best from employees they need to be trained. Training is done to fill gap between the skills and knowledge they have at present and the skills and knowledge the organization wants them to have in order to fulfill set goals. Recruiting the right people for the STO, line manager should monitor the employees and have to check the performance in the department. According to the performance HR manager develop training programmes for the inefficient employees for achieving their goals. Reward remuneration: Employees work their organisation for mainly surviving their lives and interest. Manager has to pay adequate and equitable. Manger also has to manage reward system like pensions, healthcare, other financially. By introducing rewarding employee motivate and get more satisfaction to work. If employees are happier and motivated they will work hard for the company. The human resource functions of HRM Read more: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/hrms-connection-to-strategic-management-of-an-organisation-business-essay.php#ixzz2BLkiMuxt Task1 (Section B) As a HR manager of State Trading Organization (STO) I would like to say that this statement was absolutely true. Performance Management is a key building block of the human resources reform programme. It is based upon International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) performance management principles for the Civil service commission of Maldives common system, namely work planning, agreed upon objectives, ongoing feedback, a mid-point review, and an end-of-cycle appraisal. It is linked to other human resources systems and processes including staff and career development, mobility, and recruitment. Effective performance management improves overall organizational performance by encouraging a high level of involvement and motivation, and increased staff participation in the planning and delivery of work by: Potential benefits by using a proper performance management system (see Appendix 1) STO was a huge public diversified company including many departments, as a HR manager I have to manage and apply different human resource practices in the workplace environment. STO have foreign staffs especially for the technical staffs, so the role of human resource manager also changes according to the technologies and growth in the global market consequently. There are some practices that can help managers changing and evolving in the workplace. STO follows the following practices to manage their workplace environment. The impact globalization and information technology have had on each other has made work more mobile, capable of being performed in different parts of the world without the need to actually set up physical facilities in other countries. Globalization plays an important role in human resource planning. Foe an example by recruiting and selection of employees in the organization with the latest technologies we can recruit people from other countries, so it reduces the cost and more effective and efficient. With the impact of globalization big firms apply online recruiting, online interviewing, online application for the vacant jobs and new posts. When looking for a Maldives the government provides a website called Gazzette.gov.mv which is based on all the government job vacancies, so everyone knows the vacant jobs within as second. Another website called Iulaan .mv provides advertisements and job vacancies in the private sector, it helps the organizations and individuals to access easy and know the vacancies in the country. Globalization has its positive side as well as its negative side. For online recruiting and selection organization recruits employees based on professional qualifications, because of that sometimes the company select the unsuitable employee for the selected jobs. Other changes in the nature of work and workers are being brought about partly by globalization, but not entirely because of it. For instance, it is arguable whether globalization is solely responsible for the growing service sector, and it does not account for the rapid influx of women into the workforce. Diversity is not a liberal ideological movement, to be supported or resisted. Rather, it is a reality in todays business environment. Managed well, diversity provides benefits that increase success. STO always keep an eye on these issues, because the employees from different countries. For an organization to get its arms around the complexity of diversity culture change, HR manager needs to focus on three areas: (1) Individual attitudes and behaviors, The individual attitudes and behaviors component asks employees to do some intrapersonal work that involves identifying their attitudes and beliefs on a wide range of topics such as how they feel about multiple languages spoken in the workplace; attitudes toward whether coworkers can be openly gay in the workplace; conflicting union and management positions on any number of policies. (2) Managerial skills and practices, and The essence of this change is the recognition that one style of management does not fit all. Managerial practices must be tailored to suit a wide range of employees. Depending on ones culture, for example, feedback about performance may be delivered very directly, or it may also be given in a much more indirect and subtle way, sometimes with the help of an intermediary or cultural interpreter. (3) Organizational values and policies. This area is the most complex in which to make progress, and we have seen the least success here. Adjusting the promotional system, for example, or how people are hired and recruited to create a broader talent pool and a more equitable organization, requires complex work that has many steps. For example, how do you begin the process of selecting recruiters who themselves are diverse? And if they are diverse by the internal dimensions, that does not necessarily mean they are open to differences and are themselves objective about others. Workplace example of Religious and Spiritual Diversity in the Workplace The Event Areas to Reconcile à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A newly hired Muslim receptionist in a Christian-sponsored healthcare facility was fired for refusing to remove her headscarf and sues her former employer for unlawful dismissal. (Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. No, 88-352 (Title VII). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dress and grooming accommodation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Corporate culture tolerance for diverse values and beliefs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hiring protocols à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A Catholic worker in a retail store sues after being refused time off to go on a pilgrimage to Yugoslavia during the Christmas shopping season. (Office of High Commissioner of Human Rights. (1981). Declaration of the elimination of all forms of Intolerance and of discrimination based on religion or belief. (Resolution 36/55 of 25). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Range of tolerance for exceptions based on personal religious practice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cultural literacy for distinguishing core religious requirements from personal expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flexible leave policy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A Christian in a large communications firm, who wore an anti-abortion button to work, sued her company when dismissed since coworkers threaten to walk off due to the visual trauma of the pins graphic. (EEOC v. Presbyterian Ministries, Inc., 788 F. Supp. 1154 (W.D. Wash. 1992). Dress, grooming, and religious discrimination and accommodation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Religious expression standards à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Unreasonable and hostile imposition of religious belief à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ After multiple requests for accommodation were refused, a Jewish professor sues her institutions dean and department head since they consistently rearranged departmental meetings and functions on days that conflicted with her Sabbath preparation. (Arthur, J. S. (1998, June 5). Religious rights not violated, court says. Human Resource Executive, 22. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Parameters for reasonable accommodation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Equitable work assignment processes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Warning and dismissal policy and Procedures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A manager in a municipal office frequently calls a subordinate a sinner, demanding that the person repent and attend prayer sessions in order not to go to hell. (Wilson v. U.S. West Communications, Inc., 860 F Supp. 665 (D. Neb. 1994), affd, 58F.3d 1337 (8th Cir. 1995). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prescribed management strategies for escalating hostile work environment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Religious expression norms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Unreasonable and hostile imposition of religious belief à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Parameters of freedom of speech and hate language à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Warning and dismissal policy and procedures Task 2 Section A (Case study) Audit firms model of flexibility The Audit Commission is an independent body that is accountable to the office of the deputy Prime Minister (ODPM). The work of the Audit Commission is varied. An audit has two main elements. It involves: A formal examination of a set of accounts to see if they are true and fair A checking of quality and efficiency The Audit Commission is often faced with changing employment needs. Different types of contracts help the Audit Commission to deal with all of its varying needs and help it to be flexible. The Audit firms having three major types of flexibility Numerical flexibility In Numerical flexibility, fluctuations in demand for staff members (seasonal, cyclical, task- related and so on). It may vary according to the cases handling, so the workload will be less during off peak hours. It used for non- permanent, non- career labor: temporary staff, part time staff, short- contract staff, consultants and sub- contractors. Functional flexibility In functional flexibility, fluctuations in demand for particular skills- not necessarily related to staff numbers (since one person can be multi skilled). Functional flexibility reflects an organizations ability to adapt to changing conditions and requirements, and is affected by issues such as training, management, and outsourcing. This flexibility helps to developing their employees skills to deal with the different types of works. Place -of -work flexibility This Often called as Locational flexibility, opportunities presented by information and communication technology (ICT) to reduce office costs and create virtual employees (dispersed but interconnected). Its used in home working, Tele- working; use of ICT to facilitate mobile working. Ex: for sales and service staff. The Audit Commission is challenged with changing employment needs. They have developed a number of different patterns for employment needs to meet these requirements. These include: Full time employees Part time employees Job sharing arrangements Permanent and fixed term posts The use of temps or contractors from agencies These different requirements help the Audit commission to deal with all of its changing needs. With the types of flexibilities like; numerical, functional and place- of- work flexibility helps the Audit Commission to be flexible. According to the given case study the firm is implementing the correct types of flexibility to their employees. The firms believes that its ability to deal effectively with the need for flexibility strengthens its position as an employer of choice and enables the group to deliver levels of service that differentiate from its competitors. The advantages and disadvantages of flexible working practices for the employer Advantages Disadvantages Speed of work and more effective Theres no peer influence on the employee. Building Good relationship with the employees employees may lose the office culture in the office environment Recurrent expense will be less Health and safety risks (on the work ) Efficiency rate will be high Dealing with confidential files at home. Frees up desk space and accommodation can be used more efficiency Power failure or any problems with the computers will affect the work and there is a possibility of doing double work Less absence and staff turnover in the firm Dependence on the technology the relationships of employer and the employee become impersonal. More effective in time management Communication Cost will increase for communicating with others. The advantages and disadvantages of flexible working practices for the employees Advantages Disadvantages Save time instead of travelling two hours each way on the train Concentration of the work is less if they follow homework flexibility They can improve their work-life balance Professionalism is less in homeworking They can express their ideas on the work Risk of work finishing on time Less stress from work while their children are young Health and safety while they were on other places (while investigating the firms) More effective in time management Job sharing arrangements with others Can do part time jobs in other places Meet New contacts and good experience Section B (Essay) Equal opportunities within the workplace Today, equal opportunities management and reporting has real significance in corporate social responsibility (CSR) and socially responsible investment criteria. Internationally, business, government and non-governmental organisations acknowledge that effective monitoring of equal opportunities and diversity in the workplace is an important part of improved human capital management and equality practice. The drive for transparency and accountability for such issues including equal opportunities for women has perhaps never been stronger. At the beginning I would like to highlight different forms of discrimination in employment regarding the equal opportunities within the workplace in the United Kingdom. Workplace relations legislation has seen significant changes, and the Fair Work Act 2009 has introduced further significant reforms, including to the institutional arrangements for oversight of workplace relations. The new Fair Work Act 2009 commenced on 1 July 2009 and provides a range of support and protections for women in the workplace. The Fair Work Act expands protections against workplace discrimination which were available under the Workplace Relations Act 1996. Protections against discrimination contained in the Workplace Relations Act applied only to existing employees and were limited to termination from employment for a prohibited reason (for example, on grounds such as sex, race or family responsibilities). The Fair Work Act provides enhanced prohibitions against discrimination by providing that an employer must not take adverse action against an employee or a prospective employee for a range of reasons including the persons sex, marital status, family or cares responsibilities, or pregnancy. The Fair Work Act also includes caring responsibilities as a new ground for unlawful termination claims. While the expanded anti-discrimination protections in the Fair Work Act are intended to provide comprehensive protection from discrimination in the workplace, they also preserve the operation of Commonwealth, state and territory anti-discrimination laws. The main types of discrimination legislation are as direct, indirect discriminations and the regulations regarding the discriminations are highlighted as bellows. Firstly Direct discrimination (Regulation 3) Where an employer treats an employee less favourably than other persons on the basis of his/her age or his/her apparent age, unless that treatment can be objectively justified. ( CMS Cameron McKenna LLP (03/06). Indirect discrimination (Regulation 3) Where an employer applies a provision, criterion or practice, which the employer applies equally to other persons and that provision, criterion or practice puts an employees age group (or apparent age group) at a particular disadvantage and that employee suffers that disadvantage, unless the employer can objectively justify the use of that provision, criterion or practice. ( CMS Cameron McKenna LLP (03/06). Victimisation (Regulation 4) An employer treats an employee less favourably than it treats or would treat other persons by virtue of something done by that employee Instructions to discriminate (Regulation 5) If an employer treats an employee less favourably than he treats or would treat other persons in the same circumstances. Harassment (Regulation 6) Having regard to the circumstances (including the employees perception), an employer engages in unwanted conduct which has the purpose or effect of violating the employees dignity or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for the employee. Vicarious liability, Other than direct acts by the employer, an employer can also be responsible for acts of its employees which contravene the Regulations unless the employer can demonstrate that the employer took such steps as were reasonably practicable to prevent the employee from doing the discriminatory act, or from doing in the course of his/her employment acts of that description. Equal opportunities policies are often used within workplaces to guard against discriminatory practices and formalise what is acceptable in terms of the treatment of members of minority groups, or other groups which have been historically associated with discriminatory practice. The named classes may reflect current equal opportunities legislation covering sex, race and disability, or move beyond this to include additional categories. Two-thirds (67 per cent) of all workplaces in Great Britain with 10 or more employees had some form of equal opportunities (EO) policy in 1998. In some organizations, policies are also passed down the organizational hierarchy. The overall incidence of EO policies among workplaces that form part of multi-site organizations is 86 per cent. EO policies are almost universal among the 75 percent of these workplaces which say that they must follow EO policies/procedures that are set at a higher level in the organisation (92 per cent have an EO policy). But among the 25 per cent that dont have to follow higher-level policies or procedures, the incidence is appreciably lower at 68 per cent. The factors considered when making a recruitment decision can be numerous and may be of varying importance. Employers may also be interested in age if it is believed to have some bearing, rightly or wrongly, on the ability of an individual to do a job. For many vacancies, placing importance on the age of an applicant can be unfairly discriminatory. One may expect that workplaces which show an awareness of equal opportunities and discrimination to be less likely to view age as a recruitment factor. Workforce concentration which includes ethnic minority concentration and concentration of younger workers are important factors in equal opportunities practices in the workplace. Concentrations of ethnic minority workers were much more common in larger than in smaller workplaces. In 12 per cent of the largest workplaces (500 or more employees) at least a fifth of employees were from ethnic minorities. There were no clear differences between private and public sector. Individual industries, however, did show clear differences. High concentrations of ethnic minority employees were particularly common in other business services and health, while they were notably absent in construction, in electricity, gas and water and in other community services. There was no association between ethnic minority concentration and the presence of recognised trade unions. Workplace well-being reflects the level of contentment of the workforce. The treatment of employees at work is a contributory factor and can affect employees desire to remain in their job, their workplace behaviours and their health. Consequently the relative levels of absenteeism, injury and illness and numbers of dismissals, resignations and employment tribunal cases may be used to examine workplace well-being. Reference http://workplace.ezinemark.com/best-practices-in-global-human-resource-management-7d2e759f61fc.html Prof R S S Mani (2006) impact of globalization allexperts [online] retrieved from http://en.allexperts.com/q/Human-Resources-2866/IMPACT-GLOBALISATION-HR.htm [accessed on 20-10-2012] State trading organization( 2012) about us Stomaldives [online] retrieved from http://www.stomaldives.com/about/overview.php [ accessed on 20-10-2012] All Answers Ltd ( 2012) management degree essays [online] retrieved from http://essaybank.degree-essays.com/management/equal-opportunities-and-diversity approaches.php [ accessed on 25-10-2012] http://ucsfhr.ucsf.edu/index.php/pubs/hrguidearticle/chapter-12-managing-diversity-in-the-workplace/ Appendix 1