Democratic Society Essay

The conducted study revealed that both external and internal factors are of great importance for facilitation democratic changes in developing countries. Some observers argue that democratic outcomes are strongly related to the extent to which power holders have been encouraged by pressure from various external and domestic sources – for example, internationally, from foreign governments granting financial aid and, at home, from civil and political society to allow citizens greater participation in the political arena. Others suggest that democratic progress is primarily associated with an array of domestic factors affecting political outcomes, including level of economic development, quality of political leadership and political culture. It seems that truth, as usual, lies somewhere in between. Without a doubt, globalization of democratization encourages developing countries to keep up to date and join the process of internationalization of economic growth and get profit from widening of free markets, reinforced by new means of international communication. But our study proves that to promote democratization the developing nation has to maintain multiple domestic conditions such as adherence to sustainable economic development and willingness to allocate public resources in equitable manner, strong middle class, powerful and soundly structured civil society, effectively functioning multi-party system, and liberal political culture. Thus, economic development proved to be the most important predictor of democratization. It seems that, once a country achieves a certain degree of economic development, additional economic growth is an important ingredient for the developing country’s continued progress toward further democratization. Our study demonstrated that continued democratization of developing countries depends heavily on their economic liberalization, supported by the increased purchasing power of the people. The empirical findings cited in our study clearly showed that the ‘unique’ Confucian or Islamic political culture/civilization does not prevent the internationalization of national economies from affecting the degree of democracy. It seems, therefore, that states may be able to delay, but not negate, the process of political liberalization induced by economic liberalization. As the economic opportunities increase for individuals and private businesses, their awareness of the potential for improving their civil liberties also increases. Subsequently, they will begin to demand more freedom. It seems, therefore, that the improvement of the standard of living and the popular involvement in the economic and political decision-making are critical for long-term democratization in developing countries. References Arblaster, A. (1999). Democratic Society and Its Enemies. In P. Burnell & P. Calvert, (Eds. ), The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea, special issue of Democratization, 6(1), 33-49.

Marketing Strategy Panadol

Did you know? ? Some people feel more pain than others. The reason is probably perception. The brain works by association. ? Ibuprofen is analgesic and anti-inflammatory but Paracetamol is just analgesic. ? The ‘dol’ in Panadol is derived from the Latin word ‘dolor’, meaning pain 3 Content ? Objectives ? Panadol Background ? Target Market ? Current Marketing Strategies ? 4 P’s ? Analysis ? Options ? Conclusions ? Next Step 4 Objectives ? Analyse the current marketing strategies of Panadol ? Recommend new strategies for Panadol 5 6 Panadol’s History 1956 Launched Australian market as a prescription edicine 1970 1980 Panadol is marketed for Panadol is first time in the introduced to consumers just Supermarkets. in Pharmacies 1998 2007 New packaging Panadol rapid was introduced was launched 7 Panadol ? It is the most widely available pain reliever in the world, and leader in many. ? It competes in the analgesic market, with generics products and r egistered brands. ? All Australian Panadol products are manufactured in Sydney. 8 9 Target Market ? Panadol has segmented the market into adults and children? s presentations. ? Panadol Children’s: Parents ? Panadol Tab/ Caps : Australians 18+. Panadol Rapid : Younger female. 10 11 Panadol ? It is the most trusted brand of pain reliever in Australia. ? Panadol is a paracetamol, analgesic , effective temporary relief of any kind of pain. = ? It has led the innovation in pain relief, introducing different forms and presentations: tablets, caplets, capsules, suppositories, among others. ? Also Panadol has included line extensions in different markets: Cold & Flu, Osteo and Children’s market. 12 Packaging ? 2 blister package ? Safety seal system ? Friendly design and homogeneous. ? Relevant information for the patient. Introduced the last market leading innovation in design. Panadol Rapid 13 Price Product Price in Price per Price in Pharmacies tablet S/markets Price per ta blet Panadol Tablets 24 2,99 0,12 2,99 0,12 Herron Capsules 24 2,99 0,12 2,56 0,11 Herron Bottle Tab 60 4,69 0,08 Panadol Tablets 50 5,69 0,11 Panadol Tablets 100 8,99 0,09 ? Psychological Pricing tactic. ? Cheaper prices per larger quantities. 14 Distribution 2007 69% 22% 7% 1% 2006 69% 22% 7% 1% 0% 20% 40% Pharmacies / drugstores Convenience Stores 60% 80% 100% Supermarkets / hypermarkets Independent Retailers ? Intensive Distribution Pharmacies are the main distribution channel 15 Position on shelf P. Rapid Panadol Children Panadol Line 1 Panadol Panadol Back & Pain Line 2 Panadol Line 3 Nurofen Line 4 Nurofen Line 5 Paracetamol Coles Ibuprofen Coles Herron other products Advil Line 6 Line 7 Line 8 Line 9 ? Panadol has 43% of the Analgesic shelf. It is located in lines 1,2 and 3. 16 Advertising ? Glaxo is No. 1 in the top 10 of advertiser’s pharmaceuticals companies in Australia ? Glaxo invested $25. 8 million during 2008, with 15 million supporting Panadol, across all me dia. ? Glaxo uses all means of communication to marketPanadol, emphasising the key factors of speed and effectiveness, including its suitability for all ages 17 TV ? Panadol’s target market covers a big portion of the Population, with TV being ideal to reach a wide geographic coverage. ? Panadol has been on TV all year, it is the biggest portion in its budget. ? Panadol commercials try to make an emotional link with the consumer and uses positives reinforcement. 18 Magazines ? This year Panadol has advertised in publications such as Cosmopolitan and NW, the 2 lifestyle magazines most read in Australia. ? Magazines are good strategy for targets that share the ame interest. ? They are also a good alternative for reaching specialized targets such as physicians and pediatricians. 19 Outdoor ? Panadol is using effectively this media, reaching a large percentage of the population with a low cost per exposure ratio. ? Panadol is using this media in different forms such as Buses, Met rolites and Buses stops. 20 Internet ? The Panadol brand does not have a website on the Internet. ? In these sites there isn’t any information related to the other ranges of Panadol, or links to other Panadol sites. 21 22 Analysis †¢Panadol is in the top 10 of the Australian most trusted brands in 2009 It has a long-standing reputation of quality and realibity. †¢Panadol was ranked N. 1 in analgesic market during 2007, but was ranked N. 2 in 2008, proceeded by Neurofen, which is growing faster Analgesic Market Sales Var 0% Var 5% Sales +(000. 000) 60 40 20 Glaxo S. Reckitt B. 2006 2007 Which are the others 23 Analysis ? Panadol has implemented good marketing strategies, achievieng good Top of Mind and maintining sales level. ? It should implement Alternatives and original strategies, in order to recover its leadership. 24 25 First Aid Kit †¢It is indispensable at home †¢Increase brand presence Strategic Alliance with other products or companies †¢Any kind of promotional material. E. g. Frigde frames 26 Internet †¢It is the media, which is going to experience the most growth (10,4%) in coming years †¢It is the second most important media in Australian population. Time spent with media Average Hours per week 60 50 3 2 3 11 12 14 17 13 12 18 20 21 18-24 25-34 35-49 40 30 20 10 0 TV Internet Radio Newspapers Magazines 27 It is my choice! †¢Implement a friendly and effective website †¢Most important to interact with the customers. †¢Special contest â€Å"What have been the best choice in their lives? †. 28Environmentally friendly †¢People more concerned about the enviroment and problems in the future †¢Panadol can contribute with 2 main things: †¢Including a recycable logo in the package †¢Eliminating the plastic protection cover 29 Two more options ? Multi-branding strategy Take advantage of the high brand investment Create an identity for Panadol Brand such as: â€Å" Trusfully P anadol or Gentle with your stomach† ? Raising consumer awarness throughout pharmacies Main distribution channel (69% of sales) Implement a strong promotional campaign Train pharmacists 30 Conclusions ? Panadol is an excellent brand, that still maintain a ood top of mind in the Australian consumers. ? The implemented strategies are being effective, however is losing market share ? It is recommendable to implement alternatives strategies, as the ones suggested in this presentation. 31 Next Step.. ? Check which of the 5 strategies are chosen to be implemented. (Next meeting, 30/09/09) ? Check with financial department the cost of this strategies. ? Check the promotional budget for 2010, and include this value. 32 â€Å"Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower. † Steve Jobs quotes (American Entrepreneur Apple co-Founder, b. 1955) 33

Complex messages in large organizations will always be misinterpreted Essay

Complex messages in large organizations will always be misinterpreted. Discuss - Essay Example The ability of exchanging information is important for every individual and organisation as it is the main source of creating relationships with people and getting the work done in an effective manner. The success of all leading corporations such as Unilever, Microsoft, Colgate-Palmolive, HP, Dell and many more is because of the presence of an efficient and productive communication process. Many of these organisations have open door policies that allows a smooth and effective communication process to take place amongst the all the management levels in the organisation. Successful communication processes within organisations allow organisations to achieve their targets (Zainab, 2012). Every business organisation has to ensure that it has the best communication process which will ensure that all messages are communicated properly. Individuals in organisations are from different cultural, educational and social backgrounds. The difference in the backgrounds increases the risk of complex messages being misinterpreted. The way the various employees perceive messages would be different from employee to employee. It is very important for managers to ensure that the message is perceived in the right sense by all the concerned employees that will conduct the task so that maximum level of productivity is attained. It has been observed that complex messages in large organisations will always be misinterpreted as everyone perceives the message differently (Blundel & Ippolita, 2008). If there is lack of clarity about the purpose of a specific message, then there are more chances that an organisation will suffer huge losses in the long-run. As the communication process varies across the organisations, it is vital for the management team to develop and implement a system that will ensure that the employees are on the right trail and the desired message has been effectively communicated (Modaff, DeWine & Butler,

US Historical Analysis on cause of US Civil War Research Paper

US Historical Analysis on cause of US Civil War - Research Paper Example 48 percent believed that the war was primarily on the rights of the state while 38 percent believed that the war was mostly based on slavery. The rest believed both or neither of the causes precipitated the wari (Holden, 2009). Every state within the Confederacy issued an â€Å"Article of Secession,† which declared their withdrawal from the Union. Four states Mississippi, Texas, South Carolina and Georgia all gave supplementary documents which are usually known to as the â€Å"Declaration of Causes† ii(Holden, 2009). These documents clarify the states’ decision to withdraw from the Union. There are two key themes of slavery and the rights of the state that come up in these documents. All of the fours states powerfully defend slavery as they make different claims linked to the rights of the state iii(Loewen, 2011). On slavery, it is believed that the North was not willing to tolerate slavery as a part of the US society structure and that it was the intention of the political power brokers to stop slavery in the entire Union iv(Loewen, 2011). Thus, according to most individuals, slavery is the main issue that explains the causes of the Civil War. Historians often talk on two diverse issues: the underlying causes of Civil War and personal motivations. The convictions that motivated men to put their life in danger for their country are not similar to the policies that thrust the country into war. By historians arguing that slavery resulted to Civil War, they are contending that the presence of â€Å"peculiar institution† made the resolving of political, economic and constitution problems impossible v(Tessa, 2013). However, critics argue that those problems that were under states’ rights were the real causes of the Civil War. There is no reason for not believing the real words of the Southerners about why they went into Civil War against the Union vi(Tewell, 2012). In addition, contrary to the belief of most people, most

Dome in persian architecture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Dome in persian architecture - Term Paper Example Although it may seem logical to conclude that since all kinds of Persian architecture arose from one guiding concept, they may have similar characteristics. However, the historical background of a specific architectural style may also be considered worthy of notice. It would be very interesting to note how Persian architecture may be subdivided into types of architecture according to its history and style. Persia, or Iran, as it is known today, possesses an architectural style that has a history of thousand years. It started from about 5000 B. C. and persisted up to the present (Pope 1965). The materials used were almost the same: heavy clays, bricks, stones and wood. The building technique used somewhat dictates the major forms of the structures (Pope 1965). In its earlier years, Iranians used a building technique that involves compression of pis'-molded mud as solidly as possible and allowing it to dry (Pope 1965; Mehraby n.d.). These resulted to large, well-defined masses that had broad surfaces which are suitable for ornamentation. This kind of architecture had matured while facing certain factors such as the climate, the availability of materials, the religious purposes, and the dominant cultures in the periphery of the structure. While these factors played decisive roles in the architectural development, the Iranian landscapes, on the other hand, provided inspiration (Mehraby n.d.). It can be clearly seen that the domes we adore were patterned after the huge, snow-capped mountains of Persia. And the Persian concept of beauty (which is associated with light and clarity) added up to the grandeur of the domes' architectural design. Beauty was an attribute of the divine (Mehraby n.d.), for ancient Persians, and this may justify the usage of domes for religious purposes. Statement of the Problem The current study would like to know the architectural differences of two specific domes in Persia: The Firuzabad domes and Sarvistan domes. The following were the main questions that this study would like to answer using the existing literature: 1. What are the differences between the Firuzabad domes and Sarvistan domes' 2. On what aspect of Persian culture or architectural history may we account the differences' 3. What, if there is, the more dominating architectural style based on the comparison made' The course of the study will be centered on concepts and topics related to the questions above. Objectives This paper focuses on the differences of the domes constructed in Persia, particularly their architectural aspects. The paper will provide a deeper analysis of two specific domes that were famous both in Persia and also worldwide. Thus, the following were the objectives of the study: 1. Provide an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the differences between Persian domes while taking into account the history of the architectural style used. 2. Compare two specific Persian domes and delve into the weaknesses and strengths of these famous domes. 3. Give a conclusion while integrating the knowledge gained from the literature and relating it to personal experiences and thoughts. These objectives were the guiding element of the study and the researcher hopes to stick to it. Scope and Limitation The study will be tackling

Stereotyping of Latina Women in the United States Research Paper

Stereotyping of Latina Women in the United States - Research Paper Example But some sections of society seem to be purposely promoting the stereotypical images of some races for conveniences of a certain kind. One of these sections is the entertainment media industry and their convenience in this regard is the ease in selling their product. While there are a few common tendencies of the TV and film industry of stereotyping groups of people, like African Americans and chopper riders, this paper sheds light on the entertainment media’s love affair with certain portrayals of Latino women. It traces the origins of the practice of stereotyping Latinas on TV and film, investigates its immersion in modern society, calculates its impact on the lives of its affectees and alludes to the solution of the problem. Stereotypes It was Gary D. Keller (2) who, in 1994, first drew a detailed picture of the problem, characterising the three principle types of stereotypes that are promulgated by the mainstream TV and film media. These include the image of a sexually att ractive, flamboyant middle-aged woman; the ill-fated, subservient, selfless single woman and the deceptive and cunning beauty that stabs its admirers in the back for vested interests. The portrayal of Latino women as sexual objects is the most common stereotype of Latinas in the TV and film industry. ... It is also common for producers to cast Latinas as poor housewives sacrificing their joys for the well being of their family’s interrelations or as housekeepers showing utter selflessness and subservience to their masters. In a recent study (Rivadeneyra, 393), seven groups of thirty seven students in total were shown montages of different TV shows and movies casting Latino actresses. In their observations, two of the seven groups noted that that it is rare to see Latinos playing positive roles on television: â€Å"They always portray them as the lower class or as the maids or whatever. You never see a CEO of a company being Hispanic or whatever like in a regular TV show.† These trends of stereotyping of Latinas are not fading away yet. Just this year a new show called "Devious Maids" (Shearmur), produced in the famous ABC studios aired, depicting the story of five Latino maids. The show seems to combine two popular stereotypes of Latino women and proves that there still is great market demand for such portrayals of Latino women. Origins and Causes The portrayal of a certain group of people on camera cannot have much bearing on the group’s place in the real world. How then, does this stereotyping of Latinas by the TV and film industry translate to the great inaccuracy in perception of Latinas in American society? In her critical analysis of this issue’s manifestation in the popular TV series Desperate Housewives, Debra Merskin (133) answers this question: â€Å"It is through the repetition of these Latina stereotypes in mass media, both on and off screen that solidifies these stereotypes of Latina women in society.† It is evidently well qualified to say that

Critical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critical analysis - Essay Example At the end of the story, we find two stances being provided to the presence of the girls in the store. Ironically, both Lengel and Sammy have been looking at the girls with the same male stare, but end up performing very different actions as a result. While Sammy stands up for the girls' rights, the manager falls back on a conventional disapproval of their attire and embarrasses them for it. In Faulkner's short story, the crime is not rape - in fact, Minnie's friends even wonder if she was actually raped at all. The crime is that the men believe that a black man dared to rape a white woman. While the men punish him by killing him, the women are seen as gossipy and wanting to know details about the rape rather than trying to provide their friend with comfort. Point of view may be used as a thematic device when the author or narrator of a short story seems more concerned with presenting a perspective on the themes of the text, rather than telling a story or drawing attention to conventional aspects of character or plot. Virginia Woolf revolutionized the technique of presenting points of view with her use of stream of consciousness and the interior monologue. In "Kew Gardens" the point of view is that of the flower bed, while the bed and the insects and other features in it are presented in sharp focus, we only see a 'slice' of the lives of the people who are walking by. The first couple's passing by shows that they are estranged from each other - he is walking several steps away from her. Even the traumatic memory of losing his first love is a fragmented one, as it is revealed that he can remember insignificant things about it much more distinctly than he can - or wants to - recall the event itself, where his girlfriend turned down his proposal of marriage. His wife and children and his whole life seem insignificant in comparison to the small, trivial details magnified in the story. Russell Smith's short story uses point of view to juxtapose what people are and what they want to be. His protagonist finds life in the urban world oppressive, and the narrative point of view seems sardonic about life in such metropolitan centers as Toronto, where superficiality is the norm and true meaning is often forgotten. #3. Discuss irony as a strategic element in the story "The Age of Lead" by Margaret Atwood and the story "The Gospel according to Mark" by Jorge Luis Borges. In Atwood's "The Age of Lead'' the irony seems to be that two people who did not want finality in their lives end up with nothing but death and a 'frozen' existence. The body of the dead sailor that is frozen and being talked about non television is a strong metaphor for the lives that the narrator and Vincent have been living. Of particular significance seems the fact that the sailor has been dead for long, but that his body is perfectly preserved since he died in the Arctic. The body exemplifies a dead existence where one remains stagnant and may as well be dead. Vincent dies of an unnamed disease at a relatively young age, signifying that

Global Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Global Economy - Essay Example However, based on the recent occurrence of the global recession in 2007-08, Bretton Wood organisations were rendered helpless for managing the monetary turbulence and also stabilise its primary nations such as the US and European countries (Krishnamurthy and Vissing-Jorgensen, 2008). The three primary Bretton Wood organisations are International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organisations and the World Bank (Hall et al. 2011). However, the influence of these organisations on the economical and financial transactions of national systems has often been criticised. This essay will mainly analyse these criticisms and also try to evaluate the need for the Bretton Wood system and organisation in the contemporary scenario. Hunt (2008) noticed that criticisms for the Bretton Wood organisations have been continuously focused on the approaches and regulations imposed on the underlying firms, institutions and countries. Obstfeld and Rogoff (2009) specified that the criticisms made for the Bretton Wood organisations can be mainly segmented into social and economic perspectives. Considering the economic or financial activities of the World Bank or IMF, often it has been noticed that Washington Consensus plays a big role in the description and design of loan conditions made by the Bretton Wood organisations. The Washington Consensus mainly focuses on the liberalisation of the national trade system of the nations and preventing the privatisation of the government segments. Krishnamurthy and Vissing-Jorgensen (2008) considered the utilisation of Washington Consensus as a barrier for the development of the global corporate industry. James (2012) reflected that as privatisation is increasing in the commerce and trade sector, the rules of the Bretton Wood institutions can prevent or slow down the growth of the global trade and commerce practices. Relating this statement with the concept of globalisation, it has to be considered that the policies of the Washington Consensus does not

Heidegger and das Gestell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Heidegger and das Gestell - Essay Example In his writing, he states that the world which is dominated by technology will also result in the forgetfulness and unawareness and he also asks the participants to contemplate and think deeply about the question of technology, its importance and also the possible effects on the human life. The technological change was certainly very significant and transformational shift in a short period of time and Heidegger attempted to capture the most significant aspect of the change by means of a concept called Gestell, which is normally translated as â€Å"Enframing† lexically meaning â€Å"frame† or â€Å"rack† in German, but philosophically it is a newly invented word which acquires its meaning from some of the other related concepts built around the root-verb of stellen (meaning to place); just as in herstellen (to make), & vorstellen (to represent), and also the word Gestalt (meaning pattern) (Ruin, 2010). One of the most famous & talked about essays from Heidegger’s earlier period was â€Å"The question concerning technology†, which he delivered in 1953 as a lecture. He writes there, â€Å"We now name the challenging claim that gathers man with a view to ordering the self-revealing as standing-reserve: Ge-stell [enframing]† (El-Bizri, 2000: 86). The statement mention is surely puzzling and hard to understand. So in order to comprehend the correct meaning of the statement and the importance of the idea of Gestell as Heidegger believed, the statement needs to be considered in a very specific context based not only on his thoughts and ideas about technology but also his understanding of the meaning of being and history beyond those terms. Gestell is a German word and it was used by the philosopher Martin Heidegger when he was describing the elements behind or beneath modern technology. Das Gestell means enframing and Heidegger used this word for defining our current constellation of intelligibility. When some term is translated from one language to another there are, more often than not, changes in the true meaning of the word and at times such changes lead to major problems concerned with larger concepts of technology and then comes up the idea of â€Å"enframing† (Gestell). â€Å"In the idea of Gestell lies the idea of information† (Heidegger, 1982). The reason behind Heidegger using this word for defining the notion is that it completely and fully defines the idea. â€Å"By etymologically connoting a gathering together (‘Ge-’) of the myriad forms of stellen (’to set, stand, regulate, secure, ready, establish’, and so on), it succinctly conveys his understanding of the way in which our present ‘mode of revealing’ – a ‘setting-upon that challenges forth’ – forces the ‘presencing’ (anwesen) of entities into its metaphysical ‘stamp or moldâ€℠¢ (Pragung) (Thomson, 2001: 248-249). Das Gestell is a metaphysical paradigm and like the other such paradigms, it is also for determining what the world that we know of means and signifies. From the perspective of das Gestell the world is simply a place from where one can get resources. According to Heidegger, das Gestell is â€Å"nothing technological, nothing on the order of a machine. It is the way in which the real reveals itself as standing reserve† (Ralkowski, 2009: 159). â€Å"We now name that challenging claim which gathers man thither to order the self-revealing as standing-reserve: "ge-stell" (enframing). We dare to use this

Indian and Southeast Asian art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Indian and Southeast Asian art - Research Paper Example Indian art is not to be studied from the time-based evolution perspective but rather from the region and period of its evolution perspective. (Mitter, 2001) Indian art has continuously evolved through time and is still evolving. It begun with rock painting, moving onto rock cut caves and temple architecture and then paintings and sculptures. Alongside these forms, India also showed progress in the tribal form of art as there were various cultural and social groups in India. However, it is worth mentioning that almost all art forms were inspired by the innumerous Gods and Goddesses that people believed in, who were transformed into contemporary forms and familiar images. Indian society has been very secular ever since ancient times and has encouraged different practices all along. This rich philosophy, both spiritual and rational, made its impact on Indian art and architecture. Temples and stupas were seen to incorporate symbolic languages based on important philosophical concepts. (M itter, 2001). These included the Chakra or wheel of time, Padma or lotus, the symbol of creation, Swastika representing aspects of creation and motion, Mriga or deer the symbol of erotic desire and beauty and many such symbols. After the Mughals came to India, monumental architecture was introduced by them. The change in the architecture was reflected in most prominent landmarks like the city gateways and the designs of royal tombs and mosques. However, traditional Indian tastes did continue to influence the Islamic architecture. Throughout its history, religion has played an important role in shaping the country’s culture and beliefs. The major religions practiced in India are Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Sikhism. Of these, Hinduism has been the foremost and most commonly... Dance forms, puppetry and shadow plays were introduced to these countries by Indians in the early 7th century.   Later though Chinese influence was observed along with Islamic influence. Indonesia, a very strong Islamic country, still retained forms of Hindu art and culture like Shadow Puppet and literature like the Ramayana. That is common for most Mainland SEA except Vietnam where Hindu gods and arts were infused into Thai, Khmer, Burmese and Lao cultures.   Many SEA languages like Maley and Javanese contain words of Sanskrit of Dravidian origin and some languages like Thai are still written in some form of Indian derived scripts. Their concepts of kingship and social hierarchy were all adapted from ancient Hindu political theories. The Thai monarchy though follows Buddhism, requires the presence of Gour Brahmans for performing certain ceremonies. The images of Vishnu, lingas, Buddha and other Hindu cults are evidence of influence of Indian culture. Almost everywhere in SEA is a Buddha image showing influence of Guptas or Amravati’s.  The cult of Devaraja or God King, a derivate from Indian terminology, of cosmological and political ideas which was evident in the temple of Angkor Thom. The concept of worshipping a god and making a place of worship was implemented first ever in this temple. With time, the interaction between India and regional evolution started producing many distinctive styles of Indianised SEA art and architecture.The other common factor between India and SEA was the worship of Lord Shiva.

Insert Abbreviated Title Essay Example for Free

Insert Abbreviated Title Essay It’s a very baffling thing that as humanity and technology has progressed, the rate at which the different diseases have emerged and multiplied has been almost directly proportional. If we look back at the last few generations we find that the diseases that were prevalent then were very different from ours. There was no such thing as the bird flu or the swine flu back then, it was just normal everyday flu which people would get and then recover from in a bit. But today the type of diseases that can be found are numerous with many direct and indirect costs (which are both financial and non financial) linked to them. The Costs The costs that one faces are numerous and it’s not just the person who is afflicted with the illness but all the people around them and the society suffer to some degree or another. The costs are both financial and nonfinancial. The costs of the treatment, the testing, the commuting from the house to the hospital or to wherever the testing and examinations might have to take place, the medication all fall under the heading of direct financial costs related to the disease. The non direct financial costs that are related are time spent away from work, the number of sick leaves one can avail and most of these are without pays. The non direct financial costs also put a strain on the workplace as deadlines are not met and other workers have to try and meet the demands of the employers, creating stress for them which could lead to them falling ill or having high blood pressure or asthma attacks. Ill-Health Costs Introduction, 2005). Other costs that a person faces are the non financial ones where the inflicted person and family and friends go through much agony, trauma and pain hoping for the ordeal to end soon. The more life threatening or severe a disease the more people are worried, they stop taking care of their health, and are constantly worried and hoping things will improve which they may very easily not. Testing and preventing  It is therefore advisable that a person has regular checkups with a doctor especially when they know there is a family history of some ailment or another within the close family (Early Disease Detection , 2008). This saves one from much pain and trauma later also preparing one mentally for what may come. The biggest advantage is that it reduces financial costs to a minimum preventing the major costs that arise when a disease is diagnosed at a later stage, when it might be even more difficult to beat it at its own game making the person terminally ill. Conclusion The lives of everyone in this world are interconnected and dependent on each other in some way or another. It is therefore important that to go on living healthily we take preventive measures to ensure that we lead a healthy life in a healthy environment. If the machine remains well oiled, it will function properly, if not, it’ll creak and squeak and make the functioning of the rest irregular.

Female Genital Mutilation Essay Example for Free

Female Genital Mutilation Essay Female genital mutilation includes â€Å"all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons† (WHO). The World Health Organization states that 140,000,000 girls and women worldwide are currently living with the consequences of female genital mutilation. The procedure can be carried out on babies as young as two weeks old and on woman in their twenties. The age at which girls are cut can vary widely from country to country, and even within countries. Most often, female genital mutilation happens before girls reach puberty (Women’s Health). In Africa, there is an estimated 101,000,000 girls 10 years old and above that have undergone female genital mutilation. The procedure is generally performed without anesthesia by an older woman who acts as the local midwife and it is often conducted in the girl’s home. However, there are a few villages that have all the girls lay next to each other and the circumciser cuts all of them in a row. The World Health Organization recognizes four types of female genital mutilation. Type 1 and Type 2 are closely related. Type I is the removal of the clitoral hood, which is rarely, if ever, performed alone. Type 2 is called a clitoridectomy. This procedure is the partial or total removal of the clitoris and inner labia, with or without the removal of the outer labia. In a 1998 report from the World Health Organization, they wrote the clitoris is held between the thumb and index finger, pulled out and amputated with one stroke of a sharp object†. The sharp object can be a knife, pair of scissors, cut glass, sharpened rocks or fingernails. Medical personnel are usually not involved. However, in Egypt, Sudan and Kenya, these procedures are carried out by health professionals (Pruthi). Type 3  is called infibulation. This is the process of removing all external genitalia and the fusing of the wound, leaving a small hole for passage of urine and menstrual blood. A pinhole is crea ted by inserting something (usually a twig or rock salt) into the wound before it closes. The wound may be sewed with surgical thread, and in some cases agave or acacia thorns are used to hold the sides together. Then, the girl’s legs are tied together from hips down to her ankles and left to heal for 2-6 weeks. The infibulated woman’s vulva is opened for sexual intercourse by her husband’s penis or a knife. This creates a tear which they gradually rip more and more until the opening is sufficient enough to admit the penis. In some women, â€Å"the scar tissue is so hardened and overgrown with keloidal formations that it can only be cut with very sharp surgical scissors† (Lightfoot-Klein). If the woman gets pregnant, they will cut her open with a knife in time to give birth. After they give birth, many women ask to have the infibulation restored. Skoll World Forum Type IV is unclassified and it includes â€Å"pricking, piercing or incising of the clitoris and/or labia; stretching of the clitoris and/or labia; cauterization of the clitoris and surrounding tissue; scraping of tissue surrounding the vaginal opening or cutting of the vagina; introduction of corrosive substances or herbs into the vagina to cause bleeding or for the purposes of tightening or narrowing it; and any other procedure that falls under the definition of female genital mutilation above† (Reyners). The origins of the practice are relatively unknown. Theres no way of knowing the origins of FGM (female genital mutilation), it appears in many different cultures, from Australian aboriginal tribes to different African societies, states medical historian David Gollaher, president and CEO of the California Healthcare Institute. There is a reference to it on the sarcophagus of Sit-hedjhotep, dating back to the Egypt’s Middle Kingdom. The inscription says â€Å"But if a man wants to know how to live, he should recite (a magical spell) every day, after his flesh has been rubbed with the b3d (an unknown substance) of an uncircumcised girl and the flakes of skin of an  uncircumcised bald man† (Knight, pp317). The English explorer William Browne reported in 1799 that infibulation was carried out on the slaves, coming from Egypt, to prevent pregnancy. Traders simply paid a higher price for women who were infibulated. Slave patterns across Africa account for the patterns of fe male genital mutilation found there. Egypt and Africa are not the only continents that have a history of female genital mutilation. Gynecologists in 19th century Europe and the United States would remove the clitoris for various reasons, including treating masturbation, because they believed that masturbation caused physical and mental disorders (Rodriguez, p323) Isacc Baker Brown was an English gynecologist who believed that the â€Å"unnatural irritation of the clitoris caused epilepsy, hysteria and mania†. A paper that was written in 1985 and published in the Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey says that â€Å"the last clitoridectomy was performed in the United States in the 1960s to treat hysteria, erotomania and lesbianism† (Cutner, p135) The practice of female genital mutilation is most common in the western, eastern, and north-eastern region of Africa, in some countries in Asia and the Middle East (WHO). There are currently 27 countries in sub-Saharan and Northeast Africa, and immigrant communities, which still perform female genital mutilation. Countries such as Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan are predominantly Type 3. The list of health complications that arise from female genital mutilation is very extensive. There are no health benefits and it rooted in gender inequality, ideas about purity, and is an attempt to control a woman’s sexuality. Immediate complications can include sever pain, shock, bleeding, tetanus or sepsis, urine retention, open sores in the genital region and injury to nearby genital tissue. African Women.Org state that the long term consequences from the procedure are: Repeated urinary infection because of the narrowing of the urinary outlet which prevents the complete emptying of urine from the bladder. Extremely painful menstruation due to the buildup of urine and blood in the uterus leading to inflammation of the bladder and internal sexual organs. Formation of scars and keloid on the vulva wound. The growth of dermoid cysts which may result in abscesses. Formation of fistula – the rupture of the vagina and/or uterus. Vulval abscesses. Severe pain during intercourse which may consist of physical discomfort and  psychological traumatization. Difficult child birth which in case of long and obstructed labour may lead to foetal death and brain damage of the infant. In the case of infibulation acute and chronic pelvic infection leading to infertility and/or tubal pregnancy. Accumulation of blood and blood clots in the uterus and/or vagina. Physical short term and long term complications are not the only result from female genital mutilation. Mental anguish can result from this brutal procedure. When Waris Dirie was about five years old, she was left in a makeshift shelter under a tree for several days to recover from her â€Å"operation†. She was told that God wanted her to do this and she wondered why God hated her so much. When she was thirteen, her father wanted her to marry a man in his 60s. Waris ran across the dessert to Mogadishu where she lived with relatives until she made it London and lived with her aunt. Whilst in London, a photographer spotted her and she became a supermodel, appearing in Chanel campaigns and was in the James Bond film The Living Daylights (Saner). Waris’s popularity and status helped to give her a voice and she went public in 1997 in a magazine interview, to tell the world about what happened to her and her aspiration to stop female genital mutilation. Waris means Desert Flower, a flower that can endure even the roughest of climates. She started a foundation named Desert Flower that seeks to end the crime of female genital mutilation by raising public awareness, creating networks, organizing events and educational programs. Her foundation Desert Flower also supports victims of female genital mutilation. Last month, in Berlin, she opened the first of what will be several medical centers to offer help to women who have suffered from female genital mutilation. Waris Dirie isn’t the only one that is opposed to female genital mutilation. Others, such as the World Health Organization, have been working to educate woman on their rights to their own bodies. Many laws have been enacted to protect these women, but few abide by these laws. Eighteen countries—Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Cà ´te d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Togo—have enacted laws criminalizing female genital mutilation. The penalties range from a minimum of three months to a maximum of life in prison. Several countries also impose monetary fines. The Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act of 1985 made female genital mutilation unlawful in  England and in Wales. However, there is evidence that people used a loophole to take young girls abroad temporarily to carry out the procedure. In the United States, Cornell University Law School teaches that â€Å"Except as provided in subsection, whoever knowingly circumcises, excises, or infibulates the whole or any part of the labia majora or labia minora or clitoris of another person who has not attained the age of 18 years shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both†. There are those out there that are for female genital mutilation. Many people from communities that practice it say that it is rooted in local culture and that the tradition has been passed from one generation to another. Culture and the preservation of cultural identity serve as the underlying impetus for continuing the practice. Many women will be social pariahs if they don’t go through the ritual. They cannot attend any public outing or funeral. If they children, they too will be outcast. Some of those who support female genital mutilation also justify it on grounds of hygiene and aesthetics, with notions that female genitalia are dirty and that a girl who has not undergone the procedure is unclean. The women that oppose the end of female genital mutilation compare it breast enlargements or rhinoplasty. They ask â€Å"why is okay for these women to change and shape their bodies to look the way that they want them to?† The answer, simply, is that these procedures are a women’s choice. They are eighteen years old and chose to have these procedures done to them. Female genital mutilation is child abuse and a violation of the basic human rights of women. The more we know about this procedure, the more we can do to put an end to it. References Consequences of FGM. African Women Organisation. N.p., 2009. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. . Cornell University Law School 18 USC  § 116 Female Genital Mutilation. LII. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. . Cutner, L.P. â€Å"Female genital mutilation† Pg 135. July 1985. Web. 18 Oct. 2013 http:/ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Female Circumcision. Skoll World Forum. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. . Female Genital Cutting Fact Sheet. Womenshealth.gov. N.p., 15 Dec. 2009. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. . Female Genital Mutilation. WHO. World Health Organization, Feb. 2013. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. . Gollaher, David Discovery News. DNews. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2013. . Knight, Mary. Curing Cut or Ritual Mutliation. Chicago Journal 92.2 (2001): n. pag. JSTOR. June 2001. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. . Lightfoot-Klein, Hanny â€Å"Erroneous Belief Systems Underlying Female Genital Mutilation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Template. University of Maryland, 22 May 1994. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. . Pruthi, Priyanka. Child Protection from Violence, Exploitation and Abuse. UNICEF. N.p., 22 July 2013. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. . Reyners, Marcel. Health Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation. Health Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation 4.4 (2004): 243. Health Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation. Dec. 2004. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. . Rodriguez, Sarah W. Project MUSE Rethinking the History of Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy: American Medicine and Female Sexuality in the Late Nineteenth Century. Rethinking the History of Femle Circumcision and Clitoridectomy 63.3 (2008): 323-47. Project MUSE Rethinking the History of Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy: American Medicine and Female Sexuality in the Late Nineteenth Century. July 2008. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. . Saner, Emine. Waris Dirie: Female Genital Mutilation Is Pure Violence against Girls' The Guardian. N.p., 14 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. .

Regulatory Responses to Short Selling

Regulatory Responses to Short Selling Abstract It is commonly believed that secondary market prices is not just a sideshow because they contain information that facilitates the efficient allocation of resources. The feedback loop to a real investment decisions allows a short seller to make a profit even in the absence of a fundamental information. This paper analyzes the regulation of manipulative short selling is to impose a cost on short sales. Through setting the short selling cost at an appropriate level, regulators may be able to drive the uninformed speculator, but not the negatively informed speculator, out of the market, and, thus improve the investment efficiency. One of the most fundamental roles of prices is to facilitate the efficient allocation of scarce resouces (Hayek, 1945). A financial market is a place where many speculators with different pieces of infomation meet to trade, attempting to profit from their information. Prices aggregate there diverse pieces of information and ultimately reflect an accurate assessment of firm value. Real decision makers (such as managers, capital providers, directors, customers, regulators, employees, etc.) will learn from this information and use it to guide their decisions, in turn affecting firm cash flows and values (Baumol 1965). In an efficient market, at any point in time market prices of securities provide accurate signals for resource allocation; that is, firms can make production-investment decisions according to stock price (Fama Miller 1972). Unlike the traditional models where prices only reflect expected cash flows, in the new models that incorporate feedback effect prices both affect and reflect firm cash flow. The feedback effect can explain this by two ways, several papers in the literature generate related implication based on models with exogenous feedback, i.e., where firm value or firms investment decison is assumed to be mechanically tied to the price (Khanna Sonti 2004 and Ozdenoren Yuan 2008). However, our focus here is on models that exhibit endogenous feedback, i.e, via learning or incentives. The latter one is through which financail markets may have real effects is by affecting a decision makers incentives to take real decisions, this is most relevant for firm managers, whose compensation is tied to the firms share price, in some sense is a way to discourage â€Å"agency problem†. Particularly, the former one is what we interested here, real decision makers learn from stock price and use it to aff ect real decision. The theoretical research on financial markets traditionally treats the real side of the firm as exogenous. Milgrom Stokey (1982) consider that if cash flows are exogenous, the only way to generate trade is to introduce noise traders in the model. Grossman Stiglitz (1980); Hellwig (1980) developed rational expectations equilibrium models of financial market, in which prices preform a well-articulated role in conveying information from the informed to the uninformed. Kyle (1985) developed a model that is closer to a game-theoretic approch, where the equilibrium concept is similar to the Bayesian-Nash Equilibrium, the information of speculator gets partially reflected in the stock price. However, Fishman Hagerty (1992); Leland (1992); Khanna, Slezak Bradley (1994); and Bernhardt, Hollifield Hughson (1995) present models where different types of speculators-insiders and outsiders-trade on their information, in these models, real decison makers learn from price, but, there is a confl ict between limiting insider trading reduces price efficiency and encouraging outsider trading reduces adverse selection. Similarly, Boot Thakor (1997) and Subrahmanyam Titman (1999) use the feedback effect to rationalize a firms choice to issue publicly traded securities, rather than receving private financing (e.g., from a bank). The traditional view of financial market is stock price has no real effect, thus speculator cannot manipulate stock price to get profit. It is often hard to generate manipulation as an equilibrium phenomennon, given that price impact will cause a manpulator to sell at a low price and buy at a high price and hence lose money overall (Jarrow 1992). Goldstein Guembel (2008) consider a model where the manager of firm learns from the stock price about the profitability of an investment project, thus, manipulation arise as an equilibrium phenomenon. Even the speculator has no information, she can drriven the price down to make the manager belive that there exist negative information, and led to cancel the investment, thus, she can get profit from her short position. Edmans, Goldstein Jiang (2014) extent their model to show that informed speculators are less likely to trade on bad news rather than good news. Consider a speculator who has negative information, if she short sell to lower th e stock price, the manager will learn from it to take corrective action such as reducing investment, downsizing the firm makes it efficient and improve the firms fundamental value, but this reducing the profitability of speculators short position. Thus, the informed speculator must consider this and refrain her short selling in the first place. The feedback effect has also some empirical supports. Luo (2005) show the companies seem to learn from the market during MA. Companies are more likely to learn in pre-agreement deals than in agreement deals. Companies are more likely to learn in non-high-tech deals than in high-tech deals. Smaller bidders are more likely to learn than are larger bidders. Kau, Linck Rubin (2008) extend his analysis and show that such learning is more likely when governance mechanisms are in place to reduce the agency problem between manager and the shareholders. Chen, Goldstein Jiang (2007) show that the sensitivity of investment to price is stronger when there is more private information incorporate into price. Our paper is continue the research question raised by Goldstein Guembel (2008), they provid an asymmetric model to explaine the uninformed speculator can manipulate the stock price to make profit and they suggest by impose a cost on short sales may eliminate this phenomenon, but they didnt anaysis the impact of short selling cost. Conditional the speculator being uninformed, the speculator can make profit for two reasons. First, he knows that the market will not improve the allocation of resources. Thus, he can sell at a price that is higher than the expected value. Second, the speculator can profit by establishing a short position in the stock and subsequently driving down the firms stock price by further short sales. In our analysis of short selling cost can deter the second sources of the uninformed speculators profit. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 gives a brief summary of regulatory response to short selling during the financial crises of 2007-2009 and the European sovereign debt crisis of 2011. Section 3 present the model set-up. Section 4 we derive the benchmark equilibrium when absent the feedback. Section 5 derive the equilibrium when the feedback present. Section 6 concludes. All proofs are in the Appendix. 2 Recent regulatory response to short selling As a result of the financial market turmoil in 2008, the SEC and a number of international financial market regulators put in effect a number of new rules regarding short selling. In July the SEC issued an emergency order banning so-called â€Å"naked† short sellingIn a naked short-sale transaction, the short seller does not borrow the share before entering the short position. In our model, we can consider the short selling cost is zero is a naked short-sale. in the securities of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and primary dealers at commercial and investment banks. In total 18 stocks were included in the ban, which took effect on Monday July 21 and was in effect until August 12. On September 19 2008, the SEC banned all short selling of stocks of financial companies. This much broader ban initially included a total of 799 firms, and more firms were added to this list over time. In a statement regarding the ban, SEC Chairman Christopher Cox said, â€Å"The Commission is committed to using every weapon in its arsenal to combat market manipulation that threatens investors and capital markets. The emergency order temporarily banning short selling of financial stocks will restore equilibrium to markets. This action, which would not be necessary in a well-functioning market, is temporary in nature and part of the comprehensive set of steps being taken by the Federal Reserve, the Treasury, and the Congress.† This broad ban of all short selling in financial institutions was initially set to expire on October 2, but was extended until Wednesday October 9, i.e., three days after the emergency legislation (the bailout package) was passed. In addition to measures taken by the SEC, a number of international financial regulators also acted in response to short selling. On September 21 2008, Australia temporarily banned all forms of short selling, with only market makers in options markets allowed to take covered short positions to hedge. In Great Britain, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) enacted a moratorium on short selling of 29 financial institutions from September 18 2008 until January 16 2009. Also Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and Canada banned short selling of some financial stocks, while France, the Netherlands and Belgium banned naked short selling of financial companies. International restrictions on short selling of financial stocks reappeared in 2011. In August of 2011, market regulators in France, Spain, Italy and Belgium imposed temporary restrictions on the short selling of certain financial stocks as European banks came under increasing pressure as part of the sovereign debt crisis in Europe. For example, both Spain and Italy imposed a temporary bans on new short positions, or increases in existing short positions, for a number of financial shares. France temporarily restricted short selling for 11 companies, including Axa, BNP Paribas and Credit Agricole. On August 26, France, Italy and Spain extended their temporary bans on short selling until at least the end of September. Of course, measures against short selling are not exclusive to these recent episodes. In response to the market crash of 1929, the SEC enacted the uptick rule, which restricts traders from selling short on a downtick. In 1940, legislation was passed that banned mutual funds from short selling. Both of these restriction were in effect until 2007. Going back even further in time, the UK banned short selling in the 1630s in response to the Dutch tulip mania. We revisit the model in Goldstein Guembel (2008). Consider an economy with four dates tin{0,1,2,3} and a firm whose stock is traded in the financial market. The firms manager needs to take an investment decision. In t=0 , a risk-neutral speculator may learn private information about the state of the world omega that determines the profitability of the firms investment opportunity. Trading in the financial market occurs in t=1 and t=2. The speculator may suffers a short selling cost c;(c>0) when he short sales. In addition to the speculator, two other types of agents participate in the financial market: noise traders whose trades are unrelated to the realization of omega and a risk-neutral market maker. The latter collects the orders from the speculator and the noise traders and sets a price at which he executes the order out of his inventory. The information of the speculator may get reflected in the price via the trading process. In t=3, the managers takes the investment decision, which may be affected by the stock price realizations. Finally, all uncertainty is realized and pay-offs are made. Suppose that the firm has an investment opportunity that requires a fixed investment at the amount of K. There are two possible states omegain{l,h} that occur with equal probabilities. Firm valueTo simplifier the model, we do not include the assets in place in the expressions for the value of the firm, even including it will not affect our analysis. can be expressed as a function V(omega,k) of the underlying state omega and the investment decision kin{0,K}: There is one speculator in the model. In t=0, with probability alpha, the speculator receives a perfectly informative private signal sin{l,h} regarding the state of the world omega. With probability 1-alpha he receives no signal, which we denote as s=phi. There are two trading dates : t=1,2. In each trading date, the speculator submits orders u_{t}in{-1,0,1} to a market maker. There is a exogenous noise trader who submits orders n_{t}={-1,0,1} with equal probabilities. The market maker only observes total order flow Q_{t}=n_{t}+u_{t}, and therefore possible order flows are Q_{t}={-2,-1,0,1,2}. Moreover, it is assumed that a market maker faces Bertrand competition and thus sets the price for an asset equal to its expected value, given his information set: p_{1}(Q_{1})=E[Vmid Q_{1}] and p_{2}(Q_{1},Q_{2})=E[Vmid Q_{1},Q_{2}]. In our model, the price is a function of total order flows, thus, to ease the exposition, we assume that the speculator observes Q_{1}, and therefore can directly condition his t=2 trade on Q_{1} instead of p_{1}. Similarly, the firm manager observes Q_{1} and Q_{2} , and may use them in his investment decision. The equilibrium concept we use is the Perfect Bayesian Nash equilibrium. Here, it is defined as follows: †¢ A trading strategy by the speculator {u_{1}(s) and {u_{2}(s,Q_{1},u_{1})} that maximizes his expected pay-off, given the price-setting rule, the strategy of the manager, and the information he has at the time he makes the trade; †¢ An investment strategy by the firm that maximizes expected firm value given all other strategies; †¢ A price-setting strategy by the market maker {p_{1}(Q_{1}) and p_{2}(Q_{1},Q_{2})} that allows him to break even in expectation, given all other strategies; †¢ The firm and the market maker use Bayes rule in order to update their beliefs from the orders they observe in the financial market; †¢ All agents have rational expectations in the sense that each players belief about the other players strategies is correct in equilibrium. As a benchmark, we consider in this section there is no feedback from the financial market to the firms investment decision. We assume the firm manager known well the state of the world, and, thus, the investment decision in t=3 is not affect by the trading outcomes in the financial market in t=1 and t=2. For the speculator, if s=h , he knows that the firms value is V^{+}; if s=l, he knows that the firm value is 0; and if s=phi, he knows the expected firm value is frac{V^{+}}{2} . The market maker also starts with the expectation that the firm value is frac{V^{+}}{2} and updates this expectation after each round of trade. There exists multiple equilibria with no-feedback game when we impose the short selling cost c in t=1. Because there is no feedback and from the proof of Proposition 1., the short selling cost only affect to negatively informed speculator, in order to simplifier the model, we dont impose short selling cost at t=2 . If we impose short selling cost at t=2, we must distinguish not trade or sells in t=1 and buy in t=1 (see the feedback game). . For brevity, we do not develop a particular equilibrium here. The following lemma characterizes the strategy of the positively informed speculator in any equilibrium of the no-feedback game. Building on this lemma, the next proposition establishes an important result regarding the strategy of negatively informed speculator and uninformed speculator, which is the focus of this paper. The trading strategy is rather intuitive. The short selling cost does not affect positively informed speculators trading behavior, since he know the firm value is V^{+} and the firm manager does not learn any information from the stock prices, thus, it is a game only between speculator and the market maker, in the case his information was not revealed to the market maker, the positively speculator will not choose sells in t=1 and t=2. For the positively informed speculator, the only thing is try to hide his information to the market maker, otherwise, the price will equal to the true value of the firm V^{+} and he makes zero profit. The trading strategies are also rather intuitive. For the uninformed speculator, trading in t=1 without information generates losses because buying (selling) pushes the price up (down), so that the expected price is higher (lower) than the unconditional expected firm value. The uninformed speculator does not have the informational advantage over the market maker in t=1, and thus cannot make a profit if he is trading. He may choose trade in t=2 when the market maker set the price is not equal frac{V^{+}}{2}, in this case, he have the informational advantage, he knows each agents trading orders in t=1 and his own trading order in t=2. For the negatively informed speculator, if short selling cost is not too high, he may choose mixes the trading strategies like positively informed speculator in order to hide his information to the market maker; if the short selling cost is too high, he always get negative transaction profit in t=1, in this case, he would like not trade in t=1. In the no-feedback game, the short selling cost actually does not affect the trading behavior of the positively informed speculator and the uninformed speculator, it can only affect to the negatively informed speculator. It is worth noting that in the next section with feedback , the short selling cost will affect not only the negatively informed speculator, but also the uninformed speculator.

Marketing - The Pet Food Market Essay -- Business Management Studies

7. Carry out a SWOT analysis for this market with all inclusions referenced to the information source. STRENGTH: The increasing consciousness of people regarding the health of their pets leads to a focus on nutritious food which helps increasing the life span of their beloved animals. This benefits the pet food industry greatly as it leads to increased demand and allows manufacturers to set their prices for selected products at a high level. (PFMA) Increased competition has lead to greater effort for developing new products in order to meet customers demand. Therefore a lot of money has been put into Research and Development strategies, stimulating technical progress in this industry. (Mars, 2003) Scientific evidence about the increased life of pets eating healthy and high quality food is well known amongst the people. Supermarkets offering own-brand pet foods, thus contributing to competition. (Ciao, 2004) Owner of pets gain health benefits, encouraging people to hold a pet WEAKNESS: Large, established companies such as Masterfoods, Nestlà ¨ and P&G may impede competition and prevent smaller firms from entrance. Some companies are reluctant to improve packaging and introducing more environmental-friendly production processes for financial reasons. Limited advertisement on high street, where pet owners are likely to notice it and get known to the benefits of the product Limited product range, not enough variation satisfying the cus...

The Role of the Reflexive Ethnographer Essay -- Anthropology Culture R

The Role of the Reflexive Ethnographer Works Cited Missing The role of the reflexive ethnographer has been constantly defined and redefined since the beginning of the study of anthropology. The use of reflexivity has and will always be questioned in anthropology. Malinowski, who was a pioneer in the field of anthropology, discouraged the use of reflexivity; he, instead, believed that anthropology was scientific and could produce â€Å"concrete evidence† (Malinowski 17). Reflexivity is way in which anthropologists try to get rid of this scientific and rigid anthropology; it is a move towards an emotional and self-reflective anthropology. Reflexivity denies the structuralism which Malinowski and Levi-Strauss attended to. In addition, reflexivity tries to diminish the authority which anthropologists such as Malinowski and Levi-Strauss claimed to have. Thus, reflexivity is an attempt to humanize rather than structure a society. Although reflexive anthropology aims to liberate itself from authority, it often does just the opposite; ethnographers such as Behar and Kondo use their supposedly humane approach to anthropology to position themselves within the field of anthropology. However, their attempts to recreate anthropology by emotionalizing it produce interesting and somewhat effective ethnographies. Visweswaran, another female and self-proclaimed reflexive anthropologist, explores what it is to be a reflexive feminist anthropologist in a fie ld that is dominated by men. Reflexivity is thus a hot topic for past and present ethnographers to discuss. With the help of the women’s movement and the rise of feminism, female anthropologists were able to publish their own ethnographies. However, women ethnographers conti... ...ocially allowed to be anthropologists: â€Å"Anthropologists would only become articulate about borders thanks to the writing of Chicanas like Gloria Analdua and Sandra Cisneros--who had to invent their own borderland anthropology in poetry, myths, and fictions because it didn’t exist in the academy† (Behar 174). The solution to anthropology, according to Behar, is reflexivity. By being reflexive, Behar writes, one can â€Å"respond vulnerably† to others’ writing. Ergo, she pleads for an anthropology that breaks your heart. Behar’s authority lies in this pleading. In this essay, she is implying that she is more vulnerable or more feeling than other anthropologists or literary critics. This establishes her authority as the reader sides with her emotional state. In summation, reflexive anthropology is an anthropology which looks upon the self in relation to the Other.

Richard Leakey :: essays research papers fc

Introduction to Anthropology Linda Samland Homo habilis, Richard Erskine Leakey, was born December 19, 1944 in Nairobi, Kenya. His parents were the esteemed anthropologists Louis and Mary Leakey. Leakey decided at an early age that he wanted nothing to do with paleoanthropology and dropped out of high school. Over the next few years Leakey trapped wild animals, supplied skeletons to institutions, started a safari business and taught himself to fly. In 1964, he led an expedition to a fossil site he had seen from the air and discovered that he enjoyed looking for fossils. He also discovered that although he technically led the expedition all the fame went to the scientists who studied the specimens. In 1965 Leakey went to England to study for a degree. Richard successfully schooled himself by completing a two-year secondary education program in six months. In 1966, Leakey married Margaret Cropper an archeologist who had worked with the Leakey family (World Book). After working on a French/ Kenyan/ American joint expedition in Ethiopia, Leakey realized that his lack of scientific qualifications hindered his progress. Leakey asked the National Geographic Society for funds to run his own excavation at Lake Turkana in Kenya. From 1967-1977, Leakey and his co-workers dug up approximately 400 fossils that accounted for 230 individuals. Leakey's most important discovery was an almost complete skull found in 1977, which Richard believed to be a new species called Homo habilis. Richard Leakey’s accomplishments are discovering the crania of Australopithecus boisei in 1969 with archeologist Glynn Isaac on the East shores of Lake Turkana. He also discovered a Homo habilis skull in 1972 and a Homo erectus skull in 1975(Human Evolution). In 1969, Leakey was diagnosed, with terminal kidney disease, with a prognosis of less than ten years to live. Leakey received a kidney transplant from his younger brother Philip. That same year Leakey and his wife divorced. In 1970, he married Meave Epps a zoologist who specializes in primates. They have two daughters Louise born in 1972 and Samira born in 1974(Encyclopedia Americana). Leakey was appointed, administrative director in 1968 of the National Museum of Kenya and was promoted to director in 1974. Fossil hunting expeditions continued, but on a much smaller scale as Leakey devoted more of his time to running the museum. In 1984, Leakey and his team found the most impressive fossil of his career. It was the nearly complete skeleton of a Homo erectus boy (Origins).

International Management- Hunter Boots Ltd.

â€Å"Designed to be outstanding in any field, from city streets to music festivals and rugged countryside, Hunter footwear is recognized for its performance durability and comfort – achieved through a fusion of tradition and technology† (Hunter Boot Ltd. , 2013) Hunter Boot Ltd. was founded in 1856, styled as the North British Rubber Company, producing not only rubber boots but also tyres, conveyors and flooring. The famous ‘wellies’ or wellington boots rose to fame when they were mass-produced during World War I to supply the army.By the end of the war ‘wellies’ had become popular for use among the general population as well. After changing ownership several times Hunter Rubber Company became a standalone company in 2004, and was bought out of administration as Hunter Boot Ltd. in 2006. Now solely focusing on footwear, the company has since positioned itself firmly and both the UK and USA footwear markets. In 2008 Hunter closed its plant of 9 6 years and relocated its headquarters to Edinburgh (Scotland) and production to China.Striving for more efficiency and effectiveness in the production process Hunter boots are only still visually similar to its original design, whereas they have in fact become virtually identical to the boots produced by its competitors. Nevertheless Hunter has experienced a period of considerable growth and is now distributed internationally in over 30 countries (Hunter Boot Ltd. , 2013). The author feels that is important to make a clear distinction between the years up to 2006, which is the year Hunter Boot Ltd. was placed into admission, and the years 2007 and onwards to where Hunter Boot Ltd. s currently controlled by Searchlight Capital Partners LP (SCP). , which is a private investment firm operating in North America and Europe. First this paper will analyse the rise, and demise, of the company and then will shed some light on its resurgence in popularity and turn-around sales in recent year s (Paton 2011). According to Porter (1991) sustainable competitive advantage in international business is determined by the four factors that form the diamond of national advantage; factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries and firm strategy, structure and rivalry. The factors are nterdependent and all are essential for achieving (international) success. The application of this framework certainly holds true for Hunter Boot Ltd. ’s (international) success from its founding years to the early 2000’s. Diamond of National Advantage| Hunter Boot Ltd. 1856 – 2006| Relative level of Importance| Factor Conditions| ‘Dumfries’ production plant, skilled labor and sufficient infrastructure. | High Importance| Demand Conditions| Wet weather conditions make suitable footwear a necessity. Army supplier during both WWI and WWII. Loyal customer ranging from the British Royal Family to general population. High Importance| Related & Supp orting Industries| Close working relationships with suppliers and end-users within national boundary. | Medium Importance| Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry| Ability to manage vast growth in both production and labor force. Ambitious management strategy. | High Importance| Table 1: Porter’s Diamond of National Advantage applied to Hunter Boot Ltd. 1856-2006 The company’s decline became inevitably clear in the years 2003-2005 when it recorded a pre-tas loss of approximately ? 700,000 with a net debt that had grown to more than ? 2m. These perils can be explained by two of Porter’s factors.Firstly the company’s Factor Conditions, mainly its production plant, changed from major strength to major weakness. The location and facilities that helped bring to company to greatness during the war became hopelessly outdated in later years leading to relatively high costs of trying to continue its Scotland production. Lower production costs abroad, due to surges in gas, electricity and rubber prices in the UK, and the overall British manufacturing decline made Hunter Boot Ltd’s ambitions to remain an independent producer based in Scotland unsustainable (Financial Times 2006).Also blamed in the process was the company’s CEO Mark Sater, which relates to Porter’s factor on firm strategy, structure and rivalry, who chose to pursue a diversification strategy in that under his rule the product range was extended extensively in an effort to boost sales. The company even added a range of branded clothing and partnered with charities and fashion designers. With the previously mentioned financial situation the company was forced to consider external business proposals in an effort to keep the company afloat.Driving the following negotiations were the company’s demand conditions which were clearly articulated by an anonymous insider in the Financial Times (2006) as ‘anyone who hunts or fishes and has a few quid fancies themselves as the next owner. It is so close to the hearts of so many people it is almost owned by the nation. None of the offers gained sufficient support of the board and the company collapsed in the spring of 2006. In several consecutive constructions Hunter Boot Ltd. Generated sales of ? 56m in 2010 and ? 78 in 2011 which is a strong financial improvement and turnaround from its pre-tax losses in 2005.Since early 2012 the company is under control of American-owned private equity group SCP which is pursuing global expansion. This makes Hunter Boot Ltd. one of many luxury brand buy-outs by private equity groups the like of SCP in recent times. SCP has announced that it will try to set up stores selling the Hunter brand exclusively across the globe in the coming years. This is a major change in its international strategy since Hunter products are currently sold exclusively via wholesale retail channels (Paton 2011&2012).Despite the many changes in ownership Hunter product are still clearly trying to hang on its British heritage in a dual effort to maintain its loyal UK customer base and to differentiate itself from its competitors. As an example the company has two different website interfaces, one for UK customers and one for USA customers. Both emphasize the exclusivity and craftsmanship of the product, but the UK website further emphasizes its heritage by portraying the British flag and colors clearly on every opportunity. From a theoretical perspective one could argue that Hunter Boot Ltd. s current (international) business strategy can no longer be sufficiently explained by Porter’s Diamond model, and now bears more resemblance to Barney’s VRIO model which is a resource-based view focused on the firm’s internal capabilities (Barney 1991). The resource-based view argues international success stems from the theory that some firms in one nation generate exports that are valuable (V), unique (R), hard to imitate (I) and supported by orga nizationally sound processes (O) which firms from other nations find beneficial to import.A valuable resource will lead to competitive parity, a valuable and rare resource to temporary competitive advantage, the addition of inimitability will lead to sustained (short-term) competitive advantage and meeting all VRIO-criteria will lead to (long-term) sustainable competitive advantage (Shahriari, M. & Ahmadi, A. , 2010). While companies may have many tangible and intangible resources only few of them are strategic in nature. Most strategic resources are of the created and intangible kind and often knowledge-based, yet they can only be facilitated with the help of tangible resources.This mix is what enables a company to move past competitive convergence and into competitive advantage (Shariari et al. 2010 and Barney 1991). Globalization has affected Hunter’s home-based competitive advantages in that in a global economy there has been a shift from natural assets (land and untraine d labor) to created assets (human capital). Many of these created assets are intangible and firm or ownership specific which mean they are often no longer controlled by specific countries or governments except within the constraints of the (national) law. Multinational firms (MNEs) like Hunter Boot Ltd. re free to move assets from a domestic to a foreign location which is often done when trying to pursue and generate new valuable assets (Dunning, J. H. , 1993). This opportunity is exactly what the company pursued when it moved its production plant to China while maintaining its HQ in Scotland. It is the company’s intangible or created asset of ‘reputation ‘that currently provides it with a long-term sustained competitive advantage over its competitors. Its constant customer focus and technological capabilities are a close second but do not withstand a long-term orientation to a similar extent.This is particularly true for Hunter Boot Ltd. ’s technological c apability since the recent move of its production facilities and cost-cutting strategy has made the company more vulnerable to imitation by competitors. Recently Hunter Boot Ltd. has been enjoying great success and it will have to prove if this is sustainable or not. It will come down to the following question: Is the company’s gaining in internal capabilities and resources enough to make up for the loss of its national advantages?The author states that it is vital for the company to uphold its reputation since this is currently the single sustainable source of competitive advantage and not one that cannot be affected. It might be that the company will lose some of its loyal (mainly UK) customers and gain a large number of mass-market global customers, but it is doubtful this will provide long-term success if the company is not able to differentiate itself sufficiently from its competitors in the near future. Bibliography BARNEY, J. , 1991.Firm resources and sustained competi tive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), pp. 99-120. DUNNING, J. H. , 1993. Internationalizing Porter's Diamond. MIR: Management International Review, 33 (Extensions of the Porter Diamond Framework), pp. 7-15. FINANCIAL TIMES, 2006, Future far from bright for Britain’s wellies, viewed on 28th of February 2013 ;http://www. ft. com/intl/cms/s/0/628795c2-cbd4-11da-a7bf-0000779e2340. html#axzz2MYTEnuR ; HUNTER BOOT LTD, 2013, viewed on 4th of March 2013 ;http://www. hunter-boot. com/about-us; PATON, E. 2010, Luxury industry movers and shakers, Financial Times, viewed on 1st of March 2013 ;http://www. ft. com/cms/s/0/0f2e5894-1c62-11e2-ba75-00144feabdc0. html; PATON, E. , 2011, Hunter boots to pursue international growth, Financial Times, viewed on 28th of February 2013 ;http://www. ft. com/intl/cms/s/0/4846403a-2800-11e1-a4c4-00144feabdc0. html#axzz2MYTEnuRw; PORTER, M. E. , 1998,  Competitive advantage of nations,  Free press. SHAHRIARI, M. and AHMADI, A. , 2010, A Reso urce-Based Framework of Strategic Marketing Planning to achieve Sustainable Competitive Advantage, pp. 1-13.

Meaning of life essay Essay

?You testament never be happy if you continue to search for what rapture consists of. You will never live if you be looking for the signifi raftce of mannerspan (Camus). If you fancy your whole feel prying for one and unless(a) thing you will waste your manner and it will only take a few moments for time to pass you by. The sum of life is non endureent and imponderable. ?The subject matter of life is contained in all single demeanor of life. It is present in the infinity of forms and phenomena that exist in all of creation (capital of Mississippi). The mean of life is simply the focal point you opine it.Like religion everyone has different philosophies and opinions and only those who give life a mean have the true understanding of the heart and soul of life. My Opinion on the Meaning of spirit I believe the core of life is to give life a meaning, because at that place truly is no meaning otherwise. I believe everyone adds their own meaning to life. The meanin g of life is never universal, never complex. I believe the meaning of life should be innocent and potentially whatever we emergency it to be. I do what I do because I want to. Its that simple for me I do it because it means something to me. animation is a great big canvas, and you should throw all the paint on it you can (Kaye).I believe this quote is construction that you should give life your all and do whatever it takes to make your life the way you want it. This is adage someone should do what you believe the philosophy of your life is. legion(predicate) people go close their lives searching for the meaning of life and how it applies to them only if in reality they will waste their lives outdoor(a) looking for something that does not exist. There is not one big cosmic meaning for all there is only the meaning we each give to our life, an item-by-item meaning, an individual plot, like an individual novel, a retain for each person (Nin). Life has no meaning. Each of us has meaning and we come it to life. It is a waste to be inquire the question when you are the answer (Campbell). This is saying how we bring the meaning to life and our thoughts and brains on what we believe life is and should be. I do not believe in the idea of there being one particular(prenominal) meaning but millions for each and every soul around the earth. Various populations will all agree to disagree about their views but in retrospect you sustain that everyone is right. Everyone gives their own meaning to the idea. Purposes and meanings will change, but the overall meaning to life, that there is no true meaning, will always apprehension the same.I believe the meaning of life is to give life a meaning. whole kit and boodle Cited ? Albert Camus Quote. BrainyQuote. Xplore. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. . ?Anais Nin Quote. BrainyQuote. Xplore. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. ? Danny Kaye Quote. BrainyQuote. Xplore. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. . ?Michael Jackson Quote. BrainyQuote. Xplore. Web. 23 Ma r. 2015. .

Dutch Disease

(1. What is meant by the term? ) Introduction Over 50 years ago on 1960, when a sprawl bed of liquid gas what was discovered in North Sea, Netherland overjoyed exploiting the natural resource and became a net exporter of gas. The aggregate demand for Dutch guilder in order to purchasing gas, rose and made it extremely strong. It left a lot of currency to a level the manufacturing export was no longer competitive.To begin, low let us examine the indicators of the disease.The rest of the industry left the market and firms started cutting their high cost of human resources. Since then the term of â€Å"Dutch Disease† assign to those with heavy reliance on their adequate supply of natural resources that downturn the non-resource aspect of economy.The Export–oriented manufacturing system is divided to two parts; few More competitive sector-normally energy sector- grow faster and further while the less competitive step back and the related employment fall substantially an d in more serious crisis concludes to deindustrialization. Both mentioned event are correlated with exchange rate development.It might how have set up.

The oil price jumped and other local roduct like hand crafts, carpets, agricultural product, minerals, precious stones, Zofran, Pistachio became expensive and was not affordable for the neighbors and other major importers to import. Such small industries never sustained in the market and some of them wiped out. Iran became the largest importer of rice, wheat, carpets. That took many jobs and money out of economy.It is an economic strange paradox when news for the economy, like the discovery of sources, causes a negative effect on the countrys economy.In both situations, their intake of money from oil exportation is huge. It strengthens the Ruble wired and impact the export revenue as a whole. Besides pouring unmanaged wealth problem, the direct investors intend to invest in mines and oil/gas wells and rigs or take over the related companies (direct investment). Moreover the related heavy industry attracts the indirect investors to stock market to buy their shares.The Balassa-Sa muelson effect happens when the exchange average rate is impacted by productivity-increases.

Detail and outline the channels that could cause such an effect) Dutch chronic Disease Mechanism The underlying mechanism of the Dutch disease is that the real exchange rate of the resource- rich economy tends to appreciate strongly with the rise of the export revenues from the resource sector. In turn, the appreciation environmental harms the economy’s exports from the manufacturing sector leading, over time, to de-industrialization . Regarding the pattern of history, the resource-rich many countries manifest a short term prosper while others fallen behind due to: . Natural Resource scientific discovery and exploitation 2.In economics, the word disease points towards a scenario where an rise in the prominence of a sector inside an economy contributes to a decline in the prominence of various businesses.Resource price artificially inflate the hard currency 2. Run up in commodity price 3. Losing price competition in market 4. Become weak in scale manufacturing sector 5.Th e spike in petroleum industry resulted in the decrease of exports.

Examine the evidence for Canada) From 2002, the energy sector in oil sand of Alberta developed. The total rise of world crude oil price covered all extra cost of oil sand refinery process and made it profitable to that level which triggered exploration, expansion, extraction and export of oil.Obviously the nominal GDP per capita jumped logical and the Canadian exchange rate appreciated and the manufacturing sector has contracted. While the rise of the energy logical and commodity prices brings obvious benefits for Canada as a whole, it has raised also a awful lot of concerns of policy makers and economists.An appreciation in the exchange rate can result extract from the Balassa-Samuelson impact changes in the states of trade and big capital inflows from other things such like productivity increases.One of them is the strength of the CAD due to export oil, secondly the weakness of the USD, increase the full appreciation of CAD, and the last factor is the booming of world energy price. Between 2002 to mid-2008 the price of oil logical and the other commodities got back to very low levels, however the manufacturing sector remained at the same weak status.The double Dutch phenomenon becomes a disease if the manufacturing sector does not come back when the resource boom is over. (4.Some countries have endured as a consequence of resource discoveries that were pure.

There are some contra first verse arguments which claim that natural resource industries create jobs. Strong currency brings significant growth. While the more food and energy security is so important in today’s world, there is no reason to whole blame these sectors for bad economy. Looking at data, some believe that Dutch disease in long run ends up productivity in other industry which has happened to Netherland in long term.Many nations have got into problems.Nobody expect government to call for a slowing down of resource development, but it is expected that policymakers help to boost the innovation, investment in only human resource and spend more on research and development which leads to higher productivity of skilled worker via vocational retraining which should benefit the vulnerable sector. Developing the new energy infrastructural -pipe and rigs- intelligently and sustainably help peaking natural gas higher prices not being blamed for driving up inflation and dr iving down exports of integrated manufacturing goods. In Russian, a few think that the national population must meets the female domestic supply.They claim that they are not that much depends on export revenue.A country high in agricultural exports of organic commodities is shown to be reduced in development prices.

That was the simple example of successful policies for avoiding Dutch disease. Using the country’s huge income of oil and gas for american public and rural household welfare and investing particularly in, for example, development of road logical and irrigation infrastructure and improving water access would adverse the affection of Dutch disease. â€Å"If revenue can create a serious equal opportunity for development and poverty reduction, it certainly is a good opportunity for corruption as well, feeding political claims and increasing the risk of conflict† (page 47) Exchange rate and Spending little effect (6. ixed exchange rate) The inflow of foreign exchange by importers initially raises the country’s income.America has come a long way.If the exchange high rate is flexible, the value of the domestic currency increases due to the increased supply of foreign currency, which again leads to higher real exchange rate, in this case through a rise in the nomin al exchange high rate rather than in domestic prices. In both cases, real exchange rate negatively affects the countrys exports and, hence, causes its traditional export sector to shrink. This entire making process is called the â€Å"spending effect. † †¢Corden, W.The supply of wealth might be uneven.

1982. Booming Sector and De-Industrialisation in a Small more Open Economy.The Economic Journal, 92 (368) pp. 825-848.The manufacturing company has been badly damaged and cant compete in international markets.Adjustment in High free Trade Exposed Manufacturing Employement in Canada, Industry Canada, Mimeo. †¢http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2003/03/ebra.The investments will direct result in higher demand for the nations domestic money, and itll begin enjoying.

Children Stay at Home for Entertainment Essay

The cardinal offset printing ascorbic acid held al or sowhat changes for our feeling- conviction . This changes ar unlike and mixed . as head as this cover all(prenominal) aspects of life. The just virtually stamp was on the children that changed their life solely divers(prenominal) preferably than foregoing genesis . Those children go away lapse a giant-scale measuring stick of epoch inner(a) their domiciles , compete estimator games and watch picture , quite than acting games and divert outdoor(a) . This phenomenon is sad some people, because they await what atomic number 18 the benefits , and what ar the drawbacks in this case. This attempt volition rag about these views.To get down with ,thither ar deuce reasons whitethorn be almost advantages for the children cash in ones chips a large of clip at heart their kinsfolk. for the first epoch , It is constitute that children who drop dead to a greater extent measure at home for m erriment ordain be much fail-safe from those who expend sentence outside, which whitethorn causes for them venture of thievery or assault. second , Children stupefy at home a wide clipping run foring them to bend many bad exercisings much(prenominal) as heater or drug.On the a nonher(prenominal) flock , there argon many drawbacks in this interpreter , firstly , children who spend bulge out of time inside(a) their home, that center they buy the farm unthaw from the solarize for a coarse time, it may finishing in they throw away want in vitamin D , which the temperateness is natural source for it , kids tend to bide indoor(prenominal) much days and bet on their computers alternatively enjoying the caller lineage . This mean their vitamin D levels are worse indeed preceding(prenominal) years (S.Peace 2010)1. hence it exsert to some diseases such(prenominal) as rickets , which this behave unholy for change magnitude numbers racket of children allow from it . As tumesce as these figures demoralise some scientists as intimately agree to prof T Cheetham from Newcastle university2 . Secondly, keep a foresightful time in present of overwhelm lead to fittingness that the most popular diseases among children.In conclusion pot the children of sassy blow enjoying with a tender technologies , solely they should not slue the anicteric practice which protect them from diseases . In position I specify the coevals of this century is more favored than their ancestors ,particularly if I compared him with our generation.

The Importance of Education

plausibly no wholeness motility so non problematical(p)ly stirred compound the States as the Protestant reclamation. approximately of the europiumans who came to the States were Protestants, scarcely at that pose were m each an impudently(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) denominations. Lutherans from Germ whatsoever and Scandinavia colonised in the midway colonies a colossal with puritans and Presbyterians. The Re dramatis many(prenominal) whizzaeation was come to upon efforts to catch up with the minds of give wayforce, whence gigantic accent mark was situated on the create verb t protrude ensembley intelligence. ostensibly shoals were excise to c simply forth the yield of from separately sensation denomination. Luthers doctrines invite it incumbent for boys and girls to give away(predicate) to establish the Scriptures. plot the tutors that the colonists set in motion in the s swop surfaceteenth ampere-second in the unfermented England , s permit outhern and halfway colonies differed from 1 a nonher, each reflected a invention of hearment that had been left hand tail in Europe. near deplor fitting-bodied pincerren erudite by inculpates of apprenticeship and had no schematic tuition at all. Those who did go to wide-eyed groomho habit were taught countenanceing, paper, arithmetic, and clean-livingity. erudition consisted of memorizing, which was stirred by whipping. The stolon canonic textual publication, the parvenu England Primer, was the Statess proclaim piece to aiming(Pulliam, cutting edge clog dancing 86). utilize from 1609 until the starting of the nineteenth century, its blueprint was to study both(prenominal) faith and edition. The kidskin mark offing the garner a, for example, in addition larn that In blend ins fall, We sinned all. As in Europe, then, grooms in the colonies were powerfully influenced by theology. This was in exceptional fair nessful of demotes in the impudently England argona, which had been colonised by puritans and early(a) face phantasmal diss egress field outs. The naturalise in compound new-fashi mavind England was non a amiable place both, physically or psychologically. colossal vehemence was dictated on the huskiness of smell and the torments of hell. interchangeable the Protestants of the Reformation, who realised idiom primary informings in Germ either in the sixteenth century, the Puritans sought-after(a) to bring in raising planetary. They similarlyk the start-off steps toward g eachwherenment- agreeed universal foster jump on in the colonies. In 1647, Puritan momma passed a im subdivisioniality requiring that each tike be taught to read. It cosmos the nous intention of that gray-haired deluder, match, to carry through and through men from the cognition of the scriptures, it is indeed strayed, that both t recognizeledgesfolksfolk fter the pa sskey hath development them to the progeny of liter folkers, shall mention whiz in spite of appearance their town to nurture all tykeren as shall lag him to read and w ritual.It is advance ordered, that where whatsoever town shall attach to the play of matchless s instantly families they shall find out up a grammar invite aim, the conquer thus macrocosm able to nurture juvenility so farthest as they whitethorn be fitted for the university. emeritus Deluder Satan Act. -Massachusetts Laws of 1647(Pulliam, caravan wooden shoe 51) Puritan or non, nearly all of the of the colonial cultivates had a vindicated honourable nominates.Skills and companionship were considered in-chief(postnominal) to the academic breaker point that they served ghostly left allwheres and apt the mind(Gutmann 180). archaeozoic tutor mean solar dayss supplied the savants with moral lessons, non erect reading, writing and arithmetic. Obviously, the founders adage it obligatory to accept these techniques, smelling that in was bespeakful that the students learn these spokespersonicular rewards. As the odour of science, commercialism, blueism, and laissez faire quickened in the western innovation, grooming in the colonies was called upon to recompense the utilizational inevitably of seamen, merchandisers, artisans, and frontiersmen.The military group of these new developments on the course of study in the Statesn schools was to a greater extent restore and general than its takings in European schools. concrete substance was soon in disceptation with unearthly c erstwhilerns. vocational command was to a greater extent significant in the mall colonies than elsewhere in colonial the States. The honorary conjunction that benzoin Franklin helped found in 1751 was the premier-year of a outgrowth athletic field of subaltern schools that sprang up in contestation with the Latin schools. Franklins honorary ni ne go on to house the adult maleist- ghostlike computer programme, scarce it as surface as brought pedagogy ne ber to the ask of prevalent vivification. instruct frequently(prenominal) courses as history, geography, merchant accounts, geometry, algebra. These studys were much(prenominal) virtual(a), see as how pains and business organisation were campaign forces in the intromission of the coupled States, turn unearthly degreees could non brook a family or chip in the debts. By the eighties the united States was entrancing some(prenominal) trillion immigrants a year, a human flood out that created new problems for the mutual school. The marvel confronting educators was what to see to betray grow and orchestrate them for the exploit force. pietism was nonetheless an approximately-valuable division of their cognizes neertheless with so varied a tribe it was unattainable to thatched roof both one and families unplowed their membe rs pertain in the perform physiqueing and children learned intimately morality through sunlight school and by valet spry in church service service fond gatherings. By the mid-19th century the diversification in the broadcast characterized approximately all the Statesn tri howeverary bringing up. the States came into its own, pedagogicsally, with the figurehead toward fix- sustainmented, secular unload schools for all children, which began with the joint ( main(a)) school. spectral denominational or insular schools remained crudealty in the affection colonies until the state became indep overthrowent, entirely much(prenominal) sectary schools were diminished by the insulation of face pecuniary incite and by the musical interval of church and state. The basal degree sawing machine academies, with their speech pattern on practical subjects much(prenominal) as bookkeeping, navigation, and surveying, increase in popularity. afterward the common sc hool had been authentic, plenty began to ginger up that risque tuition, too be evaluate supported(Gutmann 201). By the bar of the century, such(prenominal) vicarious schools had begun to come the cliquish academies.The headmaster invention of the the Statesn senior racy school school was to accommodate children to evoke and enrich their common school instruction (Diane 56). Schools now require to ready the students for college-an heretofore post founder form of learning quite an of preparing them to to mean solar day visualise the work force. the Statess informational running play was unique. Where unexclusive school formations existed in European countries such as France and Germ whatsoever, they were forked systems. When a child of the let down and diaphragm class terminate his wide-eyed schooling, he could go on to a vocational school.The upper-class child did not answer the divisionary school and was preferably tutored until the age of nin e and could tuck a supplemental Latin school. The purpose of the Latin school was to trail him for the university, from which he study power puff up bug out as a dominance loss leader of his country. With the emancipation of the States came freedom of piety in the standard of Rights. liberty of morality was ac pick outledge in the first amendment which prevented congress from qualification whatsoever law complianceing the origination of morality or prohibiting sacred habituate. about(predicate) states had plannings for tax-supported organized worship, plainly were abolished by 1833.Although the hanker lam effect of disestablishment and ghostly freedom were proficient to universe schools, the conterminous resolution was to strickle away globe silver that had been apply to support church-related schools. disengagement of church and state in any case contri merelyed to the disciplineal problems of today, such as the consequence ein t ruthwhere appealingness and record book readings in usual schools. Nevertheless, sectarist go everyplace unrestricted pedagogics was modest by the provision for spectral freedom. The industrial renewal began in Europe and disperse to America a some decades later. mavin effect of the change from an rude to an industrial parsimony was the acquire for schools to train students for the workforce. vocational and industrial instruction ruin supplied students with the fellowship to enter a lifespan story rather than ghostly studies. The vocational value of betray work was considered part of general education. The fill for skilful workers and the go for for risque school education for those not college shore caused the manual of arms reading to gain speed. worship was the major subject in colonial schools, tho with the insulation of church and state, populace schools could alone instruct non-sectarian ghostlike principals.Still, the curriculum remained s everely influenced by apparitional writings, prayer, and Christian morality. parole reading was considered ecumenical in intimately communities. The incident that a Protestant record book was not welcome to Catholics carried slight weight, and Jews were in addition discriminated against in school prayers. in advance the twentieth century, nonage groups lots chose not to make an humansation of godliness in the humanity schools. If Catholic, Jewish, or some other minority religious groups were unable to support their own schools, they shapely accepted the rules of the earthly concern schools even when the indispensabilitys contradicted their own beliefs.In novel time however, at that place pack been a great trope of philander cases oer the religious requirements or practices in public schools. Although a volume of the cases build fixed against the comprehension of religious practices, a long-mouthed build of Americans atomic number 18 of the horiz on that schools be prudent for moral gentility of Americas youth. The questions train over and over whether this is a legitimate requirement or flopeousness of the educational system.How does one instill moral set and respect for educateers, students and the participation without including the staple school of thought of holiness and the expense of prayer. spectral liberals and non- conceptualisers pass water attacked reservoir the school day with prayer. With the remotion of the stipulation of overstretchtedness from the quotidian rite of school curriculum America had make a forceful dictation to element any grapheme to any God, any pietism and this send a subject to every household in America that receiving an education would not include any word or link with any God.However, our ordering go out ever so postulate a large number of beliefs and opinions on whether or not it is a function of the educational system to quiver a line respect, honor and team spirit standards to our children. What responsibilities do parents suffer to get word religion to their offspring? Do children take on to chicane the beliefs of more than one religion, do children sop up a honest to practice religion in school?A ascorbic acid questions could be asked regarding this subject and because we are such a respective(a) parliamentary law I do not call up it would be executable to teach religion in school. Which is wherefore I estimate it is split up to live religion out of the schools as to not shock anyone of guess in other religion or does not believe in religion at all. in person I believe that parents should keep the obligation of instruct children powerful from wrong. The indicate why cabaret is so pernicious isnt the misplay of the school system, solely the overlook of satis pointory upbringing by parents.The vastness of didacticsThe richness of education has die apparent(a) to umteen families across the globe. ingress a University has deform more and more easier over the prehistorical decades. fifty-fifty though the entrances ca-ca flummox easier, it doesnt mean that truly graduating college is any easier. information is the native part of every minors life, if they arent subject to a serious education or they are but they flush it to take advantage, they get out some liable(predicate) end up on the losing end of the lavation to make bullion once they pee-pee from either college or high school. As a whole, acquire into a college and graduating provides the student with a unshakable pass in life.For example, if somebody were to assoil out of high school, they would more or less probable never get the military prepare that requires a college degree because they stomach to know what they are doing in order to in truth end up the job. The college graduate on the other hand, could good take the position of any person that has not spotless college or in particula r high school. just now give thanks to the opportunity provided to the children in the coupled States, they arouse a relegate at get into college as long as they dont pick up fully grown grades or are students who lots mishandle and acquire a large adjust of referrals.Children that do not deliver and/or moderate bad grades have a much frown determine of in reality acquire into college, let exclusively in truth graduating from it. instruction is nigh believably the nigh key verbalism of a childs life, whether they know it or not. An education not plainly provides students with the tools they take aim to drop dead a regular day in the life of a normal working(a) adult, but it provides them with the friendship to decide problems some have never seen and/or hear of. horizontal one of our macrocosm fathers regardably dumb the vastness of an education.George upper-case letter knew that an education was chief(prenominal), peculiarly to a body politic because they need state to understand the issues, dissertate them, and be able to lap up them. Without an improve population, in that respect could considerably be criminals who could negociate the non-educated and use their familiarity to draw in round laws and commit crimes comfortably considered some of the score by todays standards. payable to this, it is complete that an education isnt only fundamental to the person and their spirit income, but it is withal very burning(prenominal) to major departments of society and law.As a whole, direction gives us cognition of the world around us. It develops in us a locating of flavor at life as well as service of process us build opinions and POVs in our lives. fostering helps us develop a world that could function and what is right and what is wrong. Considering the fact that in todays society everything is about business, the students who have analyse the some and have the close desirable degrees fashion nec essities to the companies recruiting them. No matter how important it whitethorn come along to someone, it is close belike the most important formulation of their life.